In this article we will explore How you can use your C++ Runtime with Lambda Function. AWS Lambda allows us to use our app in a serverless architecture. As an addition to all the available runtimes in AWS Lambda, AWS announced Custom Runtimes at AWS Re:Invent 2018 where they released open-source custom runtimes for C++.
The advantage of using a custom runtime is that it allows you to use any sort of code in your Lambda function. Though there are few examples to use C++ Api Runtime but there is not enough reference on HOW to use a handler function and send/receive JSON data, which we will explore below.
Prerequisites
You need a Linux-based environment. It will be used for compiling and deploying your code –
##C++11 compiler, either GCC 5.x or later Clang 3.3 or later $ yum install gcc64-c++ libcurl-devel$ export CC=gcc64$ export CXX=g++64##CMake v.3.5 or later.$ yum install cmake3##Git$ yum install gitHere we will install all these tools with Docker. Running the docker build command with Dockerfile will install the necessary AWS Linux machine image’s environment, complying C++ code and deploy to AWS Lambda.
Note –
- This Dockerfile is only for an existing Lambda update, hence please ensure to create your Lambda instance by either the AWS CLI or the AWS Console.
- Please ensure to create the API Gateway and bind with C++ Lambda.
The reason for using Docker is that it will create an isolated place to work, preventing all possible errors and make it simple and re-use.
C++ Lambda Compiler With Dockerfile
Open a project directory which includes all project codes and the Dockerfile, following which create the Docker image in the same directory. An example on how it should look like:
Lets start to build our Docker image from the Dockerfile.
FROM amazonlinux:latest## install required development packagesRUN yum -y groupinstall "Development tools" RUN yum -y install gcc-c++ libcurl-devel cmake3 gitRUN pip3 install awscliThe above will use Amazon Linux for base image and install necessary components.
Following that we will add the C++ API runtime environment. This will let you install and use Lambda libraries for C++ in your code; through the call-handler function you would be able to use the C++ dependencies.
# install C++ runtime environmentRUN git clone https://github.com/awslabs/aws-lambda-cpp.git && \ cd aws-lambda-cpp && mkdir build && cd /aws-lambda-cpp/build && \ cmake3 .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF \ -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/out -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ && \ make && make installThis will install the Lambda C++ environment – you do not need to change anything in this part.
CMAKE will handle and use this library creating an output point which our main code will use as a dependency while compiling.
# include C++ source code and build configurationADD adaptiveUpdate.cpp /adaptiveUpdateADD CMakeLists.txt /adaptiveUpdateCopy your main code and the CMAKE file to the Docker container.
# compile & package C++ codeRUN cd /adaptiveUpdate && mkdir build && cd build && \ cmake3 .. -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF \ -DCMAKE_PREFIX_PATH=/out -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=g++ && \ make && make aws-lambda-package-adaptiveUpdateThis will compile our code and make a deployable zip file. You can change your package name and will find it in your build folder which is located under the code directory. Next step is to deploy this zip file as a Lambda function to your AWS account. To make this happen we need to add ENV which defines our user access-id and secret-key.
ENV AWS_DEFAULT_REGION=''ENV AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=''ENV AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=''RUN aws lambda update-function-code --function-name hello-world \--zip-file fileb://adaptiveUpdate/build/adaptiveUpdate.zipAdd your secret key, access id and region to access and deploy your code to AWS. Let us start by creating a Lambda named hello-world. Additional details can be found in the link below:
Handler Method For Lambda
When you start using Lambda, you will notice that Lambda needs handler function, and below we will see how you can import the C++ handler function to your main code and how you retrieve your function as a return. The handler function is used to access lambda function and to send and retrieve JSON data.
Firstly you need to create a main function which will call the handler function.
int main(){ run_handler(my_handler); return 0;}That’s it!
Secondly we will add our code handler function which includes response and request when you invoke Lambda.
invocation_response my_handler(invocation_request const& req){ string json = req.payload; test(json); return invocation_response::success(json, "application/json"); }In the section below, we are receiving the payload of the JSON value which separated from header.
string json = req.payload; JSON value will be similar to:
Create a string variable considering the req.payload JSON value as a string. Use it update the test function.
test(json); string json = req.payload; Return the main function with the updated value. Note that this will return it as JSON format.
return invocation_response::success(json, "application/json"); In the next stage we will invoke Lambda with the API Gateway.
API Gateway to Invoke Lambda
There are several ways to invoke your Lambda function, which can be through CLI, S3 or API Gateway. For the purpose of this article, we are going to use the API Gateway (REST API) method to invoke Lambda. You can configure this gateway through the Swagger Yaml, details of which can be found in the link below:
We are going to use our API Gateway as a proxy for this project. We will create a stage, resources and method, following which we will integrate it with our Lambda function.
- Give a name to your REST API: ours is cppjsonupdate. Leave everything as default. Click on Create API.
- Next is to create new resources for our API. Choose Create Resource under the Actions menu and set a Resource Name as per your choice, and give the path or can leave it as Default. Click on Create Resource.
- Under the Actions menu, add a Method. We are choosing Any for the purpose of this article. Please note to click the green tick to save.
- Deploy your API by clicking Deploy API under the Actions menu. Choose Popup Menu Stage. You will also need to add ARN of the Lambda function which you can find in Lambda service page. Following that choose New Stage and set a Stage Name. Click on Deploy.
arn:aws:lambda:us-east-1:34728394278492:function:adaptiveupdate
- Your API Gateway is now configured and integrated with C++ lambda. You can use endpoint for invocation. It should be similar to this –
As the final step, you can find the invoke URL under the Stages section as shown below.
Conclusion
Hopefully with the help of this article you can now understand and use your code in Lambda Runtime API to easily manage, create and deploy your function on Docker.
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This approach eliminates directory structures and enables multiple access paths to the same data, making it ideal for storing and retrieving large amounts of unstructured data like photos, videos, documents, and web content.The architecture stores objects across multiple storage nodes with automatic replication to ensure high durability and availability.Each object includes rich, user-definable metadata that provides detailed information about the stored data, supporting advanced search capabilities and data management workflows. Object storage systems can scale to exabytes of capacity simply by adding more storage nodes, making them perfect for organizations dealing with massive data growth. The flat namespace design means there's no performance degradation as storage volumes increase, unlike traditional hierarchical file systems that can slow down with deep directory structures.How does object storage work?Object storage works by managing data as discrete units called objects, where each object contains the actual data, descriptive metadata, and a unique identifier for direct access. Unlike traditional file systems that organize data in hierarchical folders, object storage uses a flat address space where every object can be retrieved directly using its unique ID, eliminating the need for complex directory structures.The system stores each object across multiple storage nodes to ensure high availability and durability. When you upload data, the object storage system automatically creates copies (typically three or more) and distributes them across different nodes in the storage cluster.This replication protects against hardware failures and ensures your data remains accessible even if individual nodes go offline.Each object includes rich, extensible metadata that you can customize to store descriptive information about your data. This metadata enables powerful search capabilities and automated data management policies. For example, you might store creation dates, content types, access permissions, or business-specific tags that help organize and retrieve data later.Object storage excels at handling unstructured data like photos, videos, documents, and sensor data.The flat namespace design allows systems to scale to exabyte-level capacity by simply adding more storage nodes. You access objects through RESTful APIs using standard HTTP methods, making it easy to combine with web applications and cloud services. This architecture delivers cost-effective storage with high durability while simplifying data management compared to traditional storage approaches.How does object storage compare to file storage and block storage?Object storage differs from file storage and block storage by using a predominantly different architecture. It stores data as discrete objects with metadata and unique identifiers in a flat namespace rather than hierarchical directories or fixed-size blocks.Storage architecture differencesFile storage organizes data in a hierarchical structure with folders and subfolders, similar to your computer's file system. You access files through specific paths like `/folder/subfolder/file.txt`. Block storage breaks data into fixed-size chunks (blocks) that get stored across multiple locations, with each block having a unique address.Applications reassemble these blocks when accessing data.Object storage eliminates both approaches. It stores each piece of data as a complete object containing the actual data, rich metadata, and a globally unique identifier. These objects live in a flat address space called buckets or containers, with no directory structure to navigate.Flexibility and performanceObject storage scales to exabyte levels by simply adding more storage nodes to the cluster.The flat namespace means you don't hit the performance bottlenecks that hierarchical file systems face with millions of files in directories. Block storage scales well but requires more complex management as you add storage volumes.File storage performance degrades as directory structures grow deep and wide. Object storage maintains consistent performance because it accesses data directly through unique identifiers rather than traversing directory trees.Data access methodsYou access object storage through REST APIs using HTTP methods (GET. PUT. DELETE), making it perfect for web applications and cloud services.File storage uses traditional file system protocols like NFS or SMB. Block storage requires mounting as volumes to operating systems, then formatting with file systems.This API-based access makes object storage ideal for applications that need to store and retrieve unstructured data, such as images, videos, backups, and documents, from anywhere on the Internet.Cost and use casesObject storage typically costs $0.01 to $0.02 per GB per month, making it the most economical option for large-scale data storage. Block storage costs more due to higher performance requirements, while file storage falls somewhere between.Object storage works best for backup and archiving, content distribution, big data analytics, and storing static web content.Block storage suits databases and applications requiring low-latency access. File storage fits traditional applications needing shared file access across multiple users or systems.What are the key benefits of object storage?The key benefits of object storage refer to the advantages organizations gain from using this data storage architecture that manages information as discrete units with metadata and unique identifiers. The key benefits of object storage are listed below.Massive flexibility: Object storage systems can scale to exabytes of data by simply adding storage nodes to the cluster. This horizontal growing approach supports the explosive growth of unstructured data without requiring complex restructuring of the storage architecture.High durability and availability: Object storage systems automatically replicate data across multiple nodes, typically maintaining three or more copies of each object. This replication provides extremely high durability rates, with leading services offering 99.999999999% (11 nines) durability, meaning virtually no risk of data loss.Cost effectiveness: Cloud object storage typically costs $0.01 to $0.02 per GB per month, making it highly cost-effective for storing large volumes of data. The flat pricing model and elimination of complex directory structures reduce both storage and management costs.Rich metadata support: Each object can store wide, user-definable metadata alongside the actual data, enabling advanced search, classification, and analytics capabilities. This metadata richness supports automated data management policies and intelligent data processing workflows.Simplified data management: The flat namespace eliminates complex directory hierarchies, making data organization and retrieval more straightforward. Objects are accessed directly via unique identifiers, reducing the complexity of data location and management tasks.Global accessibility: Object storage provides multiple access methods, including REST APIs, making data accessible from anywhere with proper authentication. This accessibility supports distributed applications and remote data access scenarios across different geographic locations.What are common object storage use cases?Object storage use cases refer to specific applications and scenarios in which organizations use object storage systems to manage unstructured data at scale. The use cases are listed below.Backup and archiving: Object storage provides cost-effective long-term data retention with high durability guarantees. Organizations can store backup copies of critical data with automated replication across multiple locations, ensuring data protection against hardware failures or disasters.Content distribution: Media companies and websites use object storage to serve static content like images, videos, and documents to global audiences. The flat namespace structure allows effective content delivery without complex directory management.Big data analytics: Data scientists store massive datasets in object storage for processing by analytics platforms and machine learning algorithms. The rich metadata capabilities enable easy data discovery and organization for analytical workloads.Cloud-native applications: Modern applications built for cloud environments use object storage to handle user-generated content, application logs, and temporary files. The flexible architecture supports applications that need to grow storage capacity flexibly.Disaster recovery: Organizations replicate critical data to object storage systems in different geographic locations as part of their disaster recovery plan. The automatic replication features ensure data remains accessible even during major outages.IoT data storage: Internet of Things devices generate continuous streams of sensor data that object storage systems can ingest and store effectively. The ability to handle millions of small files makes it ideal for IoT applications.Medical imaging: Healthcare organizations store large medical images like MRIs, CT scans, and X-rays in object storage systems. The metadata capabilities allow medical professionals to tag and search images based on patient information and diagnostic data.What are data lakes, and how do they relate to object storage?A data lake is a centralized repository that stores vast amounts of raw data in its native format until it's needed for analysis or processing. Data lakes can store structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data from multiple sources without requiring a predefined schema, making them highly flexible for organizations dealing with diverse data types. This approach allows companies to capture and store all their data first, then determine how to process and analyze it later based on specific business needs.Object storage serves as the foundational technology that makes data lakes possible and flexible. Object storage manages data as discrete units called objects, each containing the data itself, metadata, and a unique identifier, stored in a flat address space without hierarchical directory structures. This architecture perfectly supports data lake requirements because it can handle massive volumes of unstructured data like log files, sensor data, images, and videos that don't fit well into traditional databases.The relationship between data lakes and object storage is complementary. Object storage provides the underlying infrastructure while data lakes represent the architectural approach to data management. Object storage systems can scale to exabytes of data by adding storage nodes, supporting the massive unstructured data growth that data lakes are designed to accommodate. The rich metadata capabilities of object storage also enable data lakes to maintain detailed information about stored data, making it easier to catalog, search, and govern large datasets across the organization.How to choose the right object storage solutionYou choose the right object storage solution by evaluating your data requirements, performance needs, flexibility demands, security requirements, and cost considerations across different use options.First, assess your data volume and growth projections over the next 2-3 years. Calculate your current unstructured data size, including videos, images, documents, and backups, then add a 30-40% buffer for unexpected growth to avoid frequent migrations.Next, determine your access patterns and performance requirements. Hot data that you access frequently needs low-latency retrieval, while cold archival data can tolerate slower access times in exchange for lower storage costs.Then, evaluate your flexibility needs based on whether you expect gradual growth or sudden spikes in data volume. Look for solutions that can scale to exabyte-level capacity without requiring major infrastructure changes or performance degradation.Compare use models between cloud-based, on-premises, and hybrid solutions. Cloud object storage typically costs $.Examine security and compliance features, including encryption at rest and in transit, access controls, audit logging, and regulatory compliance certifications. Verify that the solution meets your industry requirements, such as HIPAA for healthcare or GDPR for European data.Test API compatibility and combination capabilities with your existing applications and workflows. Most solutions support S3-compatible APIs, but verify performance and feature parity for your specific use cases.Finally, analyze the total cost of ownership, including storage fees, data transfer charges, API request costs, and any additional features like cross-region replication or advanced analytics capabilities.Start with a proof-of-concept using a small dataset to validate performance, costs, and combinations before committing to full-scale use.Gcore object storage solutionsWhen choosing an object storage solution for your organization, the technical requirements we've discussed (flexibility, durability, and performance) must translate into real-world infrastructure capabilities. Gcore Object Storage delivers on these fundamentals with S3-compatible APIs, automatic data replication across multiple nodes, and cooperation to handle growing data volumes without the complexity of traditional storage hierarchies.What sets Gcore apart is the combination of enterprise-grade reliability with cost-effective pricing, offering the 99.999999999% durability you need for critical unstructured data while maintaining competitive per-GB rates. The platform's global edge locations ensure low-latency access to your objects worldwide, whether you're serving static web content, managing backup archives, or supporting big data analytics workflows.Explore how Gcore Object Storage can simplify your data management plan. Frequently asked questionsWhat's the difference between object storage and blob storage?There's no difference - "blob storage" and "object storage" are two names for the same technology. Blob (Binary Large Object) is simply Microsoft's terminology for what the industry calls object storage, where data is stored as discrete units with metadata and unique identifiers in a flat namespace rather than hierarchical folders.How much does object storage cost compared to other storage types?Object storage costs 50-70% less than traditional file or block storage, with cloud pricing around $0.01-$0.02 per GB monthly compared to $0.05-$0.10 for high-performance alternatives.Can object storage replace all my other storage needs?No, object storage can't replace all your storage needs because it's designed specifically for unstructured data and lacks the performance characteristics required for databases, operating systems, and applications that need low-latency block-level access.Object storage excels at storing photos, videos, backups, and static web content. However, you'll still need block storage for virtual machines and databases, plus file storage for shared network drives and collaborative workspaces.What is S3 compatibility and why does it matter?S3 compatibility means storage systems can use Amazon S3's API commands and protocols, allowing applications built for S3 to work with other storage providers without code changes. This matters because it prevents vendor lock-in and lets organizations switch between storage providers while keeping their existing applications, tools, and workflows intact.Is object storage secure for sensitive data?Yes, object storage is highly secure for sensitive data through multiple layers of protection, including encryption at rest and in transit, access controls, and data replication across geographically distributed nodes. Enterprise object storage systems typically offer 99.999999999% (11 nines) durability and support compliance frameworks like SOC 2, HIPAA, and GDPR for regulated industries.
What is block storage? Benefits, use cases, and implementation
Block storage is a data storage method that divides data into fixed-size chunks called blocks, each with a unique logical block address (LBA). Over 70% of enterprise mission-critical applications rely on block storage for data persistence, making it one of the most widely adopted storage architectures in modern computing environments.Block storage operates by treating data as uniform blocks rather than files in folders, which enables the operating system to access storage as a continuous range of LBAs. This approach abstracts the physical location of data on the storage media, allowing for effective random read and write operations.The system can achieve latency as low as sub-millisecond on NVMe SSDs, making it ideal for performance-sensitive applications.The architecture of block storage differs from file storage and object storage in how it organizes and accesses data. While file storage uses hierarchical directory structures and object storage employs metadata-rich containers, block storage provides raw storage volumes that operating systems can format with any file system. This flexibility makes block storage the underlying foundation for other storage types, offering greater control over data organization and access patterns.Block storage delivers several key advantages for enterprise environments, including high-performance random access, consistent low latency, and support for transactional workloads.Major cloud providers offer block storage services with performance specifications reaching up to 256,000 IOPS and 4,000 MB/s throughput. These capabilities make block storage particularly valuable for databases, virtual machine storage, and applications requiring predictable performance characteristics.Understanding block storage is important for IT professionals because it forms the backbone of most enterprise storage infrastructures and directly impacts application performance, data availability, and system flexibility in both on-premises and cloud environments.What is block storage?Block storage is a data storage method that divides data into fixed-size chunks called blocks, each assigned a unique logical block address (LBA) for independent access. The operating system treats these blocks as a continuous range of addresses, abstracting the physical location of data on storage media like HDDs, SSDs, or NVMe drives. This approach enables effective random read/write operations since each block can be accessed directly without reading through other data, making it ideal for applications requiring high performance and low latency.Block storage serves as the foundational layer for other storage types, such as file and object storage. It's typically accessed over networks using protocols such as iSCSI over Ethernet or SCSI over Fibre Channel.How does block storage work?Block storage works by dividing data into fixed-size chunks called blocks, each assigned a unique logical block address (LBA) that the operating system uses to locate and access information. The system treats each block as an independent unit, typically ranging from 512 bytes to 4 KB in size, allowing for effective random read and write operations across the storage medium.When you save data, the block storage system breaks it into these uniform blocks and distributes them across available storage space on physical media like HDDs, SSDs, or NVMe drives. The operating system maintains a mapping table that tracks which LBAs correspond to specific physical locations, creating an abstraction layer that hides the complexity of data placement from applications and users.The key advantage of this approach is that blocks can be accessed independently and in any order, making it ideal for applications requiring high performance and low latency.Unlike file storage systems that organize data hierarchically in folders, block storage presents a flat address space where each block is directly addressable. This design enables consistent throughput and supports demanding workloads like databases and virtual machines that need predictable storage performance.Block storage typically connects over network protocols such as iSCSI over Ethernet or SCSI over Fibre Channel, allowing multiple servers to access the same storage resources. The system requires a file system layer to organize these raw blocks into recognizable files and directories for end users.How does block storage compare to file storage and object storage?Block storage compares to file storage and object storage by operating at different levels of data abstraction and serving distinct use cases. Block storage divides data into fixed-size chunks with unique addresses, file storage organizes data in hierarchical folders, and object storage manages data as discrete objects with metadata.Performance and access patternsBlock storage delivers the highest performance with sub-millisecond latency on modern NVMe drives and effectively supports random read/write operations. It provides direct access to storage blocks without file system overhead, making it ideal for databases and virtual machines that require consistent high IOPS.File storage offers good performance for sequential access but can struggle with random operations due to file system processing. Object storage prioritizes flexibility over speed, with higher latency but excellent throughput for large file transfers.Architecture and flexibilityBlock storage requires a file system layer to organize blocks into usable files and directories, giving applications complete control over data layout. File storage includes built-in file system management with features like permissions, metadata, and hierarchical organization.Object storage uses a flat namespace where each object contains data, metadata, and a unique identifier, eliminating the need for complex directory structures and enabling virtually unlimited flexibility.Use cases and applicationsBlock storage excels in scenarios demanding low latency and high performance, such as database storage, virtual machine disks, and enterprise applications requiring consistent throughput. File storage works best for shared access scenarios like network file shares, content management systems, and collaborative environments where multiple users need simultaneous access. Object storage suits applications requiring massive flexibility, such as backup systems, content distribution, data archiving, and cloud-native applications that can handle eventual consistency.What are the key benefits of block storage?The key benefits of block storage refer to the advantages organizations gain from using this foundational data storage method that divides information into fixed-size chunks with unique addresses. The key benefits of block storage are listed below.High performance: Block storage delivers exceptional speed with sub-millisecond latency on modern NVMe SSDs and can achieve up to 256,000 IOPS. This performance makes it ideal for demanding applications like databases and real-time analytics.Flexible scalability: Storage capacity can be expanded or reduced independently without affecting application performance. Organizations can add or remove storage blocks as needed, paying only for what they use.Direct hardware access: Block storage provides raw, unformatted storage that applications can access directly at the hardware level. This direct access eliminates file system overhead and maximizes throughput for performance-critical workloads.Snapshot capabilities: Point-in-time copies of data can be created instantly without interrupting operations. These snapshots enable quick backup, recovery, and testing scenarios while consuming minimal additional storage space.Multi-protocol support: Block storage works with various network protocols, including iSCSI, Fibre Channel, and NVMe over Fabrics. This compatibility allows it to be combined with existing infrastructure and diverse operating systems.Data persistence: Storage volumes maintain data independently of compute instances, ensuring information survives server failures or restarts. This separation provides reliability for mission-critical applications that can't afford data loss.Fine-grained control: Administrators can configure specific performance characteristics, encryption settings, and access permissions for individual storage volumes. This granular control enables optimization for different application requirements and security policies.What are common block storage use cases?Common block storage use cases refer to the specific applications and scenarios where organizations use block-level storage solutions to meet their data management needs. Typical block storage use cases are listed below.Database storage: Block storage provides the high-performance foundation that database systems require for consistent read and write operations. The direct access to individual blocks enables databases to quickly retrieve and update specific data records without processing entire files.Virtual machine storage: Virtual machines rely on block storage to create virtual disks that function like physical hard drives within the virtualized environment. This approach allows each VM to have dedicated storage space with predictable performance characteristics.Boot volumes: Operating systems use block storage as boot volumes to store system files and launch applications during startup. The low-latency access ensures fast boot times and responsive system performance.High-performance computing: Scientific simulations and data analysis workloads depend on block storage for its ability to handle intensive input/output operations. The consistent throughput supports applications that process large datasets or perform complex calculations.Backup and disaster recovery: Block storage serves as a reliable target for backup operations, allowing organizations to create point-in-time snapshots of their data. The block-level approach enables effective incremental backups that only copy changed data blocks.Container persistent storage: Containerized applications use block storage to maintain data persistence beyond the container lifecycle. This ensures that important application data survives container restarts and updates.Enterprise applications: Mission-critical business applications require the consistent performance and reliability that block storage delivers. The predictable latency and throughput support applications like ERP systems and customer databases that can't tolerate storage-related delays.What are Storage Area Networks (SANs), and how do they use block storage?A Storage Area Network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network that connects storage devices to servers, providing block-level data access across the network infrastructure. SANs use block storage by presenting storage volumes as raw block devices to connected servers, where each block has a unique logical block address that servers can access directly without file system overhead. This architecture allows multiple servers to share centralized storage resources while maintaining the performance characteristics of directly-attached storage, with enterprise SANs typically delivering sub-millisecond latency through protocols like Fibre Channel or iSCSI. The block storage foundation enables SANs to support mission-critical applications like databases and virtual machine environments that require consistent, high-performance data access.How to implement block storage in cloud environmentsYou use block storage in cloud environments by provisioning virtual block devices that attach to compute instances and configuring them with appropriate file systems and performance settings.First, choose your block storage service from your cloud provider's offerings. Most platforms offer multiple tiers with different performance characteristics, from general-purpose volumes delivering up to 3,000 IOPS to high-performance options supporting over 64,000 IOPS for demanding workloads.Next, create your block storage volume by specifying the size, type, and performance requirements. Start with general-purpose SSD storage for most applications, then upgrade to provisioned IOPS volumes if you need consistent high performance for databases or other I/O-intensive applications.Then, attach the volume to your compute instance through the cloud console or API. The volume appears as a raw block device that your operating system can detect, similar to adding a new hard drive to a physical server.After that, format the attached volume with your preferred file system. Use ext4 for Linux systems or NTFS for Windows, depending on your application requirements and compatibility needs.Mount the formatted volume to your desired directory path and configure automatic mounting on system restart. Update your system's fstab file to ensure the volume mounts correctly after reboots.Configure backup and snapshot policies to protect your data. Most cloud platforms offer automated snapshot scheduling that creates point-in-time copies without downtime, allowing quick recovery from data corruption or accidental deletion.Finally, monitor performance metrics like IOPS, throughput, and latency to ensure your storage meets application requirements. Set up alerts for capacity thresholds and performance degradation to prevent service disruptions.Always test your block storage configuration with your actual workload before going into production, as performance can vary, primarily based on instance type, network conditions, and concurrent usage patterns. Find out more about optimizing your infrastructure with Gcore's high-performance storage solutions.Frequently asked questionsWhat's the difference between block storage and direct-attached storage (DAS)?Block storage and direct-attached storage (DAS) differ in their connection method: block storage connects over a network using protocols like iSCSI, while DAS connects directly to a single server through physical cables like SATA or SAS. Block storage can be shared across multiple servers and accessed remotely, whereas DAS provides dedicated storage exclusively to one connected server.How much does block storage cost compared to other storage types?Block storage costs 20-50% less than file storage for high-performance workloads but costs more than object storage for long-term archival needs. The price difference comes from block storage's direct-attached architecture requiring less processing overhead than file systems, while object storage wins on cost for infrequently accessed data due to its distributed design and lower redundancy requirements.Can block storage be used for backup and archival?Yes, block storage works well for backup and archival with features like point-in-time snapshots, versioning, and long-term retention policies. Many organizations use block storage for both operational backups and compliance archiving due to its reliability and data integrity guarantees.What is IOPS, and why does it matter for block storage?IOPS (Input/Output Operations Per Second) measures how many read/write operations a storage device can perform each second. It matters for block storage because it directly determines application performance and responsiveness. Higher IOPS means faster database queries, quicker virtual machine boot times, and better user experience for applications that frequently access stored data.Is block storage secure for sensitive data?Yes, block storage is secure for sensitive data when properly configured with encryption, access controls, and network security measures. Enterprise block storage systems provide multiple security layers, including data-at-rest encryption, in-transit encryption, and role-based access management to protect sensitive information.How does block storage handle failures and redundancy?Block storage handles failures through data replication across multiple drives and servers, automatically switching to backup copies when primary storage fails. Most enterprise block storage systems maintain 2-3 copies of data with automatic failover that completes in under 30 seconds.
What is blob storage? Types, benefits, and use cases
Blob storage is a type of object storage designed to handle massive amounts of unstructured data such as text, images, video, audio, and binary data. This cloud-based solution delivers 99.999999999% durability, ensuring extremely high data reliability for enterprise applications.The core architecture of blob storage centers on serving content directly to web browsers and supporting distributed file access across global networks. Major cloud providers design these systems to handle streaming media, log file storage, and complete backup solutions for disaster recovery scenarios.Users can access stored objects worldwide through HTTP/HTTPS protocols using REST APIs and client libraries.Blob storage operates as a specialized form of object storage, where data exists as discrete objects paired with descriptive metadata. This approach differs from traditional file or block storage systems by focusing on flexibility and unstructured data management. The system supports advanced protocols, including SSH File Transfer Protocol and Network File System 3.0 for secure, mountable access.Storage tiers provide different performance and cost options, with hot tier storage starting at approximately $0.018 per GB for the first 50 TB monthly.Archive tiers offer lower costs but require up to 15 hours for data rehydration when moving content back to active storage levels. These tiers include hot, cool, and archive options, each optimized for specific access patterns and retention requirements.Understanding blob storage becomes critical as organizations generate exponentially growing volumes of unstructured data that require reliable, flexible storage solutions accessible from any location worldwide.What is blob storage?Blob storage is a cloud-based object storage service designed to store massive amounts of unstructured data, such as images, videos, documents, backups, and log files. Unlike traditional file or block storage systems, blob storage organizes data as discrete objects with metadata, making it highly flexible and accessible from anywhere via HTTP/HTTPS protocols. This storage method excels at serving media content directly to browsers, supporting data archiving, and enabling distributed access across global applications. Modern blob storage platforms offer multiple access tiers that automatically improve costs based on how frequently you access your data, with hot tiers for active content and archive tiers for long-term retention.How does blob storage work?Blob storage works by storing unstructured data as discrete objects in containers within a flat namespace, accessible through REST APIs and HTTP/HTTPS protocols. Unlike traditional file systems that organize data in hierarchical folders, blob storage treats each piece of data as an independent object with its own unique identifier and metadata.When you upload data to blob storage, the system breaks it into objects called "blobs" and assigns each one a unique URL for global access. The storage platform organizes these blobs within containers, which act as top-level groupings similar to buckets.Each blob contains the actual data plus metadata that describes properties like content type, creation date, and custom attributes you define.The system operates on three main blob types optimized for different use cases. Block blobs handle large files by splitting them into manageable blocks that can be uploaded in parallel, making them perfect for media files and backups. Append blobs allow you to add data to the end of existing files, which works well for logging scenarios.Page blobs provide random read/write access and support virtual hard disk files.Blob storage platforms typically offer multiple access tiers to improve costs based on how frequently you access your data. Hot tiers serve frequently accessed content with higher storage costs but lower access fees. Cool tiers reduce storage costs for data you access less than once per month.Archive tiers provide the lowest storage costs for long-term retention, though retrieving archived data can take several hours.How does blob storage relate to object storage?Blob storage relates to object storage by being a specific type of object storage service designed for storing massive amounts of unstructured data like images, videos, documents, and backups. Both blob storage and object storage share the same core architecture, where data is stored as discrete objects with metadata, rather than in traditional file hierarchies or block-level structures.Object storage works by organizing data into containers or buckets, with each object having a unique identifier and associated metadata. Blob storage follows this same pattern but adds specific optimizations for web-scale applications and cloud environments.It's designed to serve content directly to browsers, support streaming media, handle log files, and manage backup operations through HTTP/HTTPS protocols.The key connection is that blob storage implements object storage principles while adding enterprise-grade features like multiple access tiers for cost optimization. Hot tiers serve frequently accessed data. Cool tiers handle monthly access patterns, and Archive tiers store long-term backups at reduced costs. This tiered approach allows organizations to balance performance needs with storage expenses.Both storage types use REST APIs and support multiple programming languages, including .NET. Java. Python, and Node.js for application combination.They also provide global accessibility and can scale to handle petabytes of data across distributed systems, making them ideal for modern cloud applications that need flexible storage solutions.What are the different types of blobs?Types of blobs refer to the different categories of binary large objects used in cloud storage systems to handle various data storage and access patterns. They are listed below.Block blobs: These store text and binary data as individual blocks that can be managed separately. They're perfect for storing files, images, and documents that need frequent updates or modifications.Append blobs: These are optimized for append operations, making them ideal for logging scenarios. You can only add data to the end of an append blob, which makes them perfect for storing log files and audit trails.Page blobs: These store random-access files up to 8 TB in size and serve as the foundation for virtual hard disks. They're designed for frequent read and write operations, making them suitable for database files and virtual machine disks.Hot tier blobs: These are stored in the hot access tier for frequently accessed data. They offer the lowest access costs but higher storage costs, making them cost-effective for active data.Cool tier blobs: These are designed for data that's accessed less frequently and stored for at least 30 days. They provide lower storage costs but higher access costs compared to hot-tier storage.Archive tier blobs: These offer the lowest storage costs for data that's rarely accessed and can tolerate several hours of retrieval latency. They're perfect for long-term backup and compliance data that may need to be stored for years.What are the key benefits of blob storage?The key benefits of blob storage refer to the advantages organizations gain from using this flexible object storage solution for unstructured data. They are listed below.Global accessibility: Blob storage makes data available worldwide through HTTP/HTTPS protocols and REST APIs. Users can access files from any location using web browsers, command-line tools, or programming libraries in languages like .NET, Java, and Python.Massive flexibility: This storage type handles petabytes of data without performance degradation. Organizations can store unlimited amounts of unstructured content, including images, videos, documents, and backup files as their needs grow.Cost optimization: Multiple storage tiers allow businesses to match costs with data access patterns. Hot tiers serve frequently accessed content while archive tiers store rarely used data at especially lower costs.High durability: Enterprise blob storage platforms provide 99.999999999% durability, meaning extremely low risk of data loss. This reliability makes it suitable for critical business data and long-term archival needs.Flexible data types: Blob storage supports various content formats, from simple text files to large media files and application binaries. Different blob types, such as block, append, and page blobs, improve performance for specific use cases such as streaming or logging.Protocol compatibility: Modern blob storage supports multiple access methods, including SFTP for secure transfers and NFS 3.0 for mounting storage as network drives. This flexibility integrates easily with existing workflows and applications.Disaster recovery: Built-in redundancy and backup capabilities protect against hardware failures and regional outages. Organizations can replicate data across multiple locations for business continuity planning.What are common blob storage use cases?Common blob storage use cases refer to practical applications in which organizations store and manage large amounts of unstructured data using object storage systems. The common blob storage use cases are listed below.Media streaming: Organizations store video, audio, and image files that need global distribution to end users. Blob storage serves this content directly to browsers and applications, supporting high-bandwidth streaming workloads across different geographic regions.Data backup and archiving: Companies use blob storage to create secure copies of critical business data and store historical records for compliance. The archive tier provides cost-effective long-term storage, though data retrieval can take several hours when needed.Log file management: Applications generate massive volumes of log data that require effective storage and occasional analysis. Append blobs allow systems to continuously add new log entries without rewriting entire files, making it perfect for operational monitoring and troubleshooting.Static website hosting: Web developers store HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and media files that don't change frequently. Blob storage serves these static assets directly to visitors, reducing server load and improving website performance globally.Big data analytics: Data scientists store raw datasets, processed results, and machine learning models for analysis workflows. The hierarchical organization helps manage petabytes of structured and unstructured data across different processing stages.Document management: Organizations store business documents, contracts, and files that employees access from multiple locations. Blob storage, in combination with office applications and mobile devices, is ideal for distributed teams and remote work scenarios.Application data storage: Mobile and web applications store user-generated content like photos, documents, and profile information. The REST API access allows developers to build applications that can upload, download, and manage user data seamlessly.Discover more about Gcore storage options. Frequently asked questionsWhat's the difference between blob storage and file storage?Blob storage stores unstructured data as objects with metadata, while file storage organizes data in a traditional hierarchical folder structure with files and directories. Blob storage excels at web content delivery and massive data volumes, whereas file storage works better for applications requiring standard file system access.Can blob storage handle structured data?No, blob storage is explicitly designed for unstructured data like images, videos, documents, and binary files rather than structured data with defined schemas and relationships.How much does blob storage cost?Blob storage costs vary by provider and usage, typically ranging from $0.01-$0.05 per GB monthly, depending on access frequency and storage tier. Hot tier storage for frequently accessed data costs around $0.018 per GB for the first 50 TB monthly, while archive storage for long-term backup can cost as little as $0.001 per GB.Is blob storage secure for sensitive data?Yes, blob storage is secure for sensitive data when properly configured with encryption, access controls, and compliance features. Modern blob storage platforms provide enterprise-grade security through encryption at rest and in transit, role-based access controls, and compliance certifications like SOC 2 and ISO 27001.Can I search data stored in blob storage?Yes, you can search data stored in blob storage using metadata queries, tags, and full-text search services. Most cloud platforms provide built-in search capabilities through REST APIs and support combination with external search engines for complex queries across blob content and metadata.What's the maximum size for a blob?The maximum size for a blob is 4.77 TB (approximately 5 TB) for block blobs, which are the most common type used for general file storage. Page blobs can reach up to 8 TB and are typically used for virtual machine disks.How do I migrate data to blob storage?You can migrate data to blob storage using command-line tools. REST APIs, or migration services that transfer files from your current storage system. Most cloud providers offer dedicated migration tools that handle large-scale transfers with progress tracking and error recovery.
What is cloud storage, and how does it work?
Cloud storage is a digital storage solution that allows users to save and access files over the internet instead of on local devices like hard drives or USB sticks.Cloud storage works by storing data on remote servers managed by third-party providers, accessible via the internet on a pay-as-you-go basis. Users upload their files through web browsers or applications, and the cloud provider handles all the technical infrastructure, including server maintenance, security, and data backup.This system eliminates the need for physical storage hardware while providing access from any internet-connected device.The main types of cloud storage include object storage, file storage, and block storage, each designed for different use cases. Object storage handles unstructured data like images and videos, file storage works like traditional network drives for document sharing, and block storage provides raw storage volumes for applications. Each type offers distinct performance characteristics and pricing models to match specific business needs.Cloud storage use models include public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and multi-cloud options, offering varying levels of control, security, and flexibility.Public cloud storage is hosted by third-party providers and offers cost effectiveness through shared infrastructure, while private cloud provides dedicated resources for organizations requiring enhanced security. Hybrid and multi-cloud approaches combine multiple use models to balance flexibility with specific operational requirements.What is cloud storage?Cloud storage is a service that stores your data on remote servers accessed through the internet, rather than on your local computer or physical devices. When you save files to cloud storage, they're stored in data centers managed by cloud providers and can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. This model eliminates the need to own and maintain physical storage hardware while providing flexible capacity that grows with your needs. Cloud storage operates on a pay-as-you-go basis, so you only pay for the storage space you actually use.How does cloud storage work?Cloud storage works by storing your files and data on remote servers owned and managed by third-party providers, which you can access through the internet from any device with a connection. Instead of saving files to your computer's hard drive or a physical storage device, the data gets uploaded to servers located in data centers around the world.When you save a file to cloud storage, it's transmitted over the internet to these remote servers using encryption protocols for security. The cloud provider automatically creates multiple copies of your data across different servers and locations to prevent loss if one server fails.This process, called redundancy, ensures your files remain accessible even during hardware failures or maintenance.You access your stored files through web browsers, mobile apps, or desktop applications that connect to the cloud provider's servers. The system authenticates your identity through login credentials and retrieves the requested files from the server network. Modern cloud storage uses content delivery networks to serve your data from the geographically closest server location, reducing loading times.The storage infrastructure operates on a pay-as-you-use model, where you're charged based on the amount of data stored and bandwidth consumed.Cloud providers manage all the technical aspects, including server maintenance, security updates, and capacity growth, so you don't need to worry about hardware management or technical infrastructure.What are the main types of cloud storage?The main types of cloud storage refer to different categories of cloud-based data storage solutions that serve various business and technical needs. The main types of cloud storage are listed below.Object storage: This type stores data as objects in containers called buckets, making it ideal for unstructured data like images, videos, and documents. Object storage scales infinitely and works well for backup, archiving, and content distribution.File storage: File storage presents data in a traditional file system hierarchy with folders and directories. It's perfect for applications that need shared file access, like content management systems and development environments.Block storage: Block storage divides data into fixed-size blocks and attaches to virtual machines like traditional hard drives. It delivers high performance for databases and operating systems that require low-latency access.Public cloud storage: Third-party providers host and manage this storage type, offering pay-as-you-use pricing and automatic scaling. Public cloud storage reduces infrastructure costs but provides less control over data location and security.Private cloud storage: Organizations maintain dedicated cloud infrastructure either on-premises or through hosted private clouds. Private storage offers maximum control and security but requires higher investment and maintenance.Hybrid cloud storage: This approach combines public and private cloud storage to balance cost, performance, and security needs. Companies can keep sensitive data private while using public cloud for less critical workloads.Multi-cloud storage: Organizations use storage services from multiple cloud providers to avoid vendor lock-in and improve reliability. Multi-cloud strategies can reduce costs by up to 50% through optimized resource placement across providers.What are the different cloud storage deployment models?Cloud storage use models refer to the different ways organizations can structure and access cloud storage services based on their security, control, and flexibility needs. The cloud storage use models are listed below.Public cloud: Third-party providers host storage infrastructure that multiple organizations share over the internet. This model offers the lowest costs and highest flexibility since providers can distribute infrastructure expenses across many customers.Private cloud: Organizations maintain dedicated storage infrastructure either on-premises or through a single-tenant hosted solution. This approach provides maximum control and security but requires higher investment and internal management resources.Hybrid cloud: In this model, organizations combine public and private cloud storage, keeping sensitive data in private environments while using the public cloud for less critical workloads. This model allows companies to balance security requirements with cost effectiveness and flexibility needs.Multi-cloud: Organizations use storage services from multiple cloud providers simultaneously to avoid vendor lock-in and improve redundancy. This plan can reduce costs by up to 50% through optimized resource allocation across different providers.Community cloud: Multiple organizations with similar requirements share dedicated cloud infrastructure, splitting costs while maintaining higher security than public cloud. Government agencies and healthcare organizations commonly use this model to meet regulatory compliance needs.Edge cloud: Storage resources are distributed closer to end users through geographically dispersed data centers. This use reduces latency and improves performance for applications requiring real-time data access.What are the key benefits of cloud storage?The key benefits of cloud storage refer to the advantages organizations and individuals gain from storing data on remote servers accessed via the internet. These benefits are listed below.Cost savings: Cloud storage eliminates the need for expensive physical hardware, maintenance, and IT staff. Organizations can reduce storage costs by up to 50% through pay-as-you-use pricing models and shared infrastructure.Flexibility: Storage capacity can be increased or decreased instantly based on demand without hardware purchases. This flexibility allows businesses to handle data growth seamlessly, from gigabytes to petabytes.Accessibility: Files can be accessed from any device with an internet connection, anywhere in the world. This global access enables remote work, collaboration, and business continuity across different locations.Automatic backups: Cloud providers handle data replication and backup processes automatically. This protection ensures data recovery in case of hardware failures, natural disasters, or accidental deletion.Enhanced security: Professional cloud providers invest heavily in security measures, including encryption, firewalls, and access controls. These enterprise-grade protections often exceed what individual organizations can use on their own.Reduced maintenance: Cloud providers handle all server maintenance, software updates, and security patches. This removes the burden of technical management from internal IT teams.Collaboration features: Multiple users can access, edit, and share files simultaneously in real-time. Version control and permission settings ensure organized teamwork without data conflicts.What are common cloud storage use cases?Cloud storage use cases refer to the specific ways organizations and individuals apply cloud storage solutions to meet their data storage, management, and accessibility needs. The cloud storage use cases are listed below.Data backup and recovery: Organizations use cloud storage to create secure copies of critical data that can be restored if primary systems fail. This approach protects against hardware failures, natural disasters, and cyberattacks while reducing the cost of maintaining physical backup infrastructure.File sharing and collaboration: Teams store documents, presentations, and media files in the cloud to enable real-time collaboration across different locations. Multiple users can access, edit, and comment on files simultaneously, improving productivity and reducing version control issues.Website and application hosting: Developers use cloud storage to host static websites, store application assets, and manage content delivery. This setup provides flexible bandwidth and global accessibility without requiring physical server maintenance.Big data analytics and archiving: Companies store large datasets in the cloud for analysis while archiving older data at lower costs. Cloud storage supports data lakes and warehouses that can scale to handle petabytes of information for business intelligence and machine learning applications.Content distribution: Media companies and content creators use cloud storage to distribute videos, images, and audio files to global audiences. The distributed nature of cloud infrastructure ensures fast content delivery regardless of user location.Disaster recovery planning: Organizations replicate their entire IT infrastructure in the cloud as a failsafe against major disruptions. This plan allows businesses to maintain operations even when primary data centers become unavailable.Software development and testing: Development teams use cloud storage to manage code repositories, store build artifacts, and maintain testing environments. This approach enables continuous combination and use while supporting distributed development workflows.How to choose the right cloud storage solutionYou choose the right cloud storage solution by evaluating your storage requirements, performance needs, security standards, budget constraints, and combination capabilities with your existing systems.First, calculate your current data volume and estimate growth over the next 2-3 years. Add a 30% buffer to your projected needs since data growth often exceeds expectations.Next, determine your performance requirements based on data access patterns. Choose hot storage for frequently accessed files like active databases, warm storage for monthly backups, and cold storage for long-term archives that you rarely need.Then, evaluate security and compliance requirements specific to your industry. Healthcare organizations need HIPAA compliance, financial services require SOX compliance, and companies handling European data must meet GDPR standards.Compare the total cost of ownership across providers, including storage fees, data transfer costs, and API request charges. Reserved capacity plans typically offer 20-40% savings compared to pay-as-you-go pricing but require upfront commitments.Assess combination capabilities with your current infrastructure and applications. Verify that the solution supports your required APIs, authentication methods, and backup tools to avoid costly migrations or custom development.Test disaster recovery and backup features by running simulated data loss scenarios. Ensure the provider offers appropriate recovery time objectives (RTO) and recovery point objectives (RPO) that match your business continuity requirements.Finally, review the provider's service level agreements (SLAs) for uptime guarantees, typically ranging from.Start with a pilot project using a small dataset to validate performance, costs, and combinations before committing to a full migration.Gcore cloud storage solutionsWhen using cloud storage solutions at scale, performance and global accessibility become critical factors. Gcore's cloud storage infrastructure addresses these needs with 180+ points of presence worldwide and 30ms average latency, ensuring consistent data access across all regions while supporting the demanding requirements of modern applications and workloads.Our edge cloud architecture goes beyond traditional storage by combining seamlessly with CDN and AI infrastructure services, creating a complete ecosystem that eliminates the complexity of managing multiple providers. This integrated approach typically reduces use time and operational overhead while maintaining the enterprise-grade performance needed for mission-critical applications.Discover how Gcore's cloud storage solutions can accelerate your data infrastructure at gcore.com/cloud.Frequently asked questionsWhat's the difference between cloud storage and cloud backup?Cloud storage saves files for access, while cloud backup protects data for recovery. Storage is your primary file location that you actively access, whereas backup creates copies of existing data to restore after loss, corruption, or disasters.How much does cloud storage cost?Cloud storage costs range from free tiers up to $0.023 per GB monthly for standard storage, with pricing varying by provider, storage type, and usage patterns. Enterprise solutions with advanced features can cost more depending on performance requirements and data transfer needs.Is cloud storage safe for sensitive business data?Yes, cloud storage is safe for sensitive business data when properly configured with enterprise-grade security measures, including encryption, access controls, and compliance certifications. Most major cloud providers offer security features that exceed what many businesses can use on-premises, including 256-bit encryption, multi-factor authentication, and SOC 2 Type II compliance.What's the difference between hot, warm, and cold storage?Hot storage provides instant access for frequently used data, warm storage offers slower retrieval for occasionally accessed files, and cold storage delivers the lowest-cost archival solution for rarely accessed data. Access times range from milliseconds for hot storage to minutes or hours for cold storage, with costs decreasing especially as access frequency requirements drop.
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