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Containers vs Virtual Machines (VMs)

  • By Gcore
  • September 11, 2023
  • 12 min read
Containers vs Virtual Machines (VMs)

Virtualization allows multiple operating systems and applications to run on a single physical server, optimizing hardware resources and simplifying management. It comprises two interwoven technologies: containers and virtual machines. While containers are known for their speed, efficiency, and portability, VMs offer robust isolation and security features. This article explains and compares the technologies so you can understand their fit-for-purpose uses and make informed choices about your organization’s infrastructure needs.

Cliff Notes: What’s the Difference Between Containers and VMs?

In the realm of virtualization technologies, containers and virtual machines (VMs) offer distinct approaches to application isolation, resource utilization, and system architecture. Containers leverage OS-level virtualization for high performance and efficient resource sharing, whereas VMs operate on hardware-level virtualization, encapsulating a full guest OS for stronger isolation. These fundamental architectural differences result in varying levels of performance, startup time, and resource utilization.

Both technologies have their own merits and drawbacks when it comes to enterprise deployment, security protocols, and scalability. To understand the pros, cons, and use cases, we first need to look at each technology and its architecture in depth, and then at the end of the article we’ll offer a side-by-side comparison.

What Are Containers?

Containers are virtualized, isolated application packages; they contain everything needed to run a piece of software, including code, system tools, libraries, and settings (called dependencies.) They solve the critical software development and deployment problem of ensuring that software can run properly on different computing environments. This makes the software reliable for end users, an essential feature of any software release. To serve their purpose, containers are portable, meaning they can run across different development environments so that developers can test software on different environments without worrying about conflicts with the underlying system.

Benefits of Containers

Containers have been widely adopted for the following benefits:

  • Faster startup: Containers don’t need an operating system to start running. This means they can start almost instantly.
  • Efficient resource utilization: Containers utilize their host operating system’s kernel (the core part of the computer’s operating system.) This makes them lightweight and resource-efficient as they do not require the extra cost of a separate operating system installation for each container. This saves space and resources, helping things run fast and smoothly.
  • Portability: Containers encapsulate entire applications and their dependencies in a single file, allowing developers to build applications just once and then run them in multiple environments. This portability ensures consistent behavior when containers are moved between development, testing, and production environments, providing flexibility and reducing deployment-related issues.
  • Isolation: Multiple containers (and their dependencies) can share a single OS kernel, while running isolatedly in a way as to ensure that the failure of a container does not affect the function of others within the same environment. Dedicated security tools, such as OS security isolation tools, are also available to pinpoint faulty container parts for efficient remediation.
  • Scalability: You can run several similar containers to create multiple application instances simultaneously. Containerization also allows running only the containers needed for an application to function efficiently at a specific time. As such, containers can be scaled up or down depending on application load. These features make containers highly scalable and cost-effective.

How Do Containers Work?

Containers isolate applications and their dependencies into portable, self-contained units that can be operated anywhere. A container image—an immutable (unchangeable) file with executable code—creates a container. Container images are created using a Dockerfile (or similar configuration files) and stored in container repositories. When a container is instantiated, the image is pulled from the repository onto the host machine. After that, the image is verified, and any missing layers are fetched from the registry. Once the environment is set up, the runtime starts the container and runs the specific command defined in the image.

But What Is a Runtime?

A container runtime is a software package that leverages a container’s host OS to run the container. It creates the necessary environment for the execution of the container, including required namespaces and control groups (usually referred to as cgroups.) Both namespaces and cgroups facilitate resource efficiency: namespaces organize code into groups, and cgroups limit the utilization of resources. The container then runs within the isolated environment, utilizing the resources and namespaces provided by the host operating system.

Container Architecture

Containers have six major components: container runtimes, container images, registries, container orchestration platforms, control groups and namespaces. Let’s take a look at each in turn.

Container Runtimes

Container runtimes or engines are software components that are responsible for pulling container images from a registry, setting up the necessary execution environment, managing and executing containers on a host machine, and monitoring containers within the cluster environment. The container runtime also orchestrates the creation and execution of containers.

Container Images

Container images are lightweight, immutable snapshots that contain application codes, dependencies, configuration files, libraries and runtime environments required to run applications. Images have one or more layers built on a parent or base image. They are usually built using Dockerfiles, a text file specifying the instructions to create a layered image representing the application and its dependencies.

The layers of container images make their components and configurations reusable. So, developers do not have to create new ones from scratch whenever images are required. When built optimally, these layers can help to minimize container size and enhance performance.

Images (and other artifacts) make up repositories. Container images have names and tags for easy pushing and pulling. A repository and a tag define an image’s name and allow for easy sharing of container images. A single repository can contain several container images. To modify these read-only images, developers must create a layer—containing all changes made—on top of the parent image.

Relationship between the registry, image, and container

As shown in the above image, container images are stored in registries and can be pulled onto a host machine to create and run containers.

Registries

Registries are central repositories that store and distribute container images to ensure their efficiency. Registries can be public or private.

  • Public: This is a vast collection of prebuilt container images developers can use. DockerHub, a general catalog of container images, is an excellent example of a public container registry.
  • Private: This is a registry where organizations store and manage their own custom container images for privacy and greater control over them.

When an image is pulled from a registry, it is stored locally on the host machine to ensure that containers can be created without a network connection to the registry.

Container Orchestration Platforms

Container orchestration is an approach to automating and managing the deployment of containers to enhance application performance. Platforms—such as Kubernetes—are used to automate the deployment, scaling and scheduling of containers through several features, such as automated scaling, load balancing, and health monitoring.

The container registry, runtime and orchestration platform are three important components of the container orchestration setup required for managing containers throughout the software development life cycle.

Control Groups (cgroups)

The control group is one of the two main kernel OS features of containers, the other being namespaces (explained below.) cgroups provide the following functions:

  • Resource allocation: cgroups limit and prioritize resources (including CPU usage, memory, disk I/O, and network bandwidth) allocated to containers.
  • Process control: Because they can instantiate huge volumes of processes concurrently, containers are attack-prone. This is done to influence the volume of processes and deplete container resources. cgroups can be used to start, stop or restrict the number of ongoing processes, thereby preventing attacks and improving application performance.

Namespaces

Namespaces provide process-level isolation within the OS, ensuring that only the kernel OS gets shared; all other resources are isolated between containers. Namespaces enable containers to run with their own file system views, network stacks, process trees, and user privileges. Containers need their own system views, network stacks, process trees and user privileges to isolate themselves from other systems within the environment. For example, containers are typically given limited access to devices on the host, but with raised privileges, they can access the same capabilities as the host OS, ensuring container isolation.

Each container has its associated namespace that gives the illusion of individuality. There are four major namespaces used to allocate resources to containers:

NamespaceFunction
PID namespaceEnsures each container has its unique set of process IDs
Network namespaceAllows containers to have their own network interface, IP address, and routing table
Mount namespaceAllows containers to have their own root file system while avoiding conflicts with files from other containers
User namespaceProvides user and group isolation

The image below shows the relationship between the components of the container architecture explained above:

The container architecture

Use Cases for Containers

Containers have gained significant popularity due to their versatility and applicability across various industries. Let’s explore some of their notable use cases.

Microservices Security

Microservices are an architectural approach to software development and deployment, where applications comprise small independent and specialized services loosely connected via APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) and REST (representational state transfer) interfaces. Microservices deployed directly on a host OS are less secure because security vulnerabilities can easily spread in the OS layer. In contrast, containerized microservices are more secure and efficient, as containers reduce their attack surfaces, allow for independent patching, and offer control over resource allocation.

Application Packaging and Distribution

Since a container image hosts the application and its dependencies, it is easy to deploy across different environments. You only need to spin a YAML declaration of the container image and deploy it to any environment you choose. This eliminates the “works on my machine” problem often encountered with traditional deployments.

Continuous Integration and Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)

Developers leverage container images to facilitate CI/CD. CI is the practice of continuously making changes to software code and testing for its semantic correctness via an automated process. In-depth integration tests can be expensive, underscoring the value of containerization.

By encapsulating their applications into containers, developers can instantiate them from images throughout different stages of the development lifecycle. This approach, spanning from unit testing to staging and production, saves costs associated with setting up and running CI/CD servers while boosting efficiency.

Hybrid and Multicloud Environments

With containers, applications can be easily migrated across different cloud providers or on-premise infrastructure without extensive application reconfiguration.

Machine Learning, Edge Computing, and Internet of Things

This is another important use case of containers. Containers have increasingly been adopted in edge computing and internet of things (IoT) because they allow for lightweight deployment and enable different services to run on individual containers, thereby reducing the possibility of issues in one service affecting other services. Additionally, with the help of containerized environments, data scientists can ensure experiments are reproducible, easily share their work, and create consistent development environments for machine learning, artificial intelligence, and collaborative projects.

Now that we’ve covered containers, let’s turn to virtual machines.

What Are Virtual Machines?

A virtual machine (VM) is a virtualized emulation of an entire computer system within a host machine, including its hardware and operating system. It provides an environment that isolates the guest OS and applications from the underlying hardware and host operating system to prevent vulnerabilities of one component from affecting the entire cloud environment. A VM is built on a hypervisor, a software layer responsible for creating VMs and managing/allocating the physical resources of a host machine to virtualized guest systems based on their relative importance.

Benefits of Virtual Machines

Virtual machines offer several benefits:

  • Full isolation: A VM runs its own guest OS and application within its isolated environment in a way that ensures applications within one VM do not interfere with or impact applications in another VM.
  • Security: VMs provide strong security boundaries due to their full isolation feature. Compromised applications or vulnerabilities within one VM are generally contained within that specific VM and do not affect other VMs or the host system. This isolation helps protect sensitive data and mitigates the security risks associated with shared infrastructure.
  • OS flexibility: VMs allow different operating systems—including various versions of Windows, Linux and macOS—to be run on the same physical hardware. This flexibility enables organizations to run applications requiring specific operating systems or legacy software compatibility.
  • Resource partitioning: VMs enable the partitioning of physical resources, such as CPU, memory, and disks, among different virtual machines. This facilitates efficient workload management.
  • Snapshot capabilities: VMs offer the ability to take snapshots that capture the state of a VM at a specific point in time. These snapshots can be used for backup, disaster recovery, or testing.
  • Migration capabilities: VMs allow for seamless migration between host machines without service disruption, allowing IT teams to shift workloads or move between servers and machines. Migration is commonly done when VM host systems, including software and hardware, require patching or updating.
  • Hardware abstraction: VMs provide hardware abstraction by rendering physical hardware unnecessary, which helps to ensure software compatibility across different servers, as VMs shield applications from variations in hardware configurations. This helps to save costs associated with physical storage.

How Do Virtual Machines Work?

VMs work as fully isolated guest systems with their own operating systems and applications. They leverage the hypervisor to create and manage multiple isolated virtual environments on a single physical host. When a virtual machine is powered on, the hypervisor intercepts and translates the guest operating system’s instructions to the appropriate physical hardware.

This is enabled by hardware virtualization techniques, such as binary translation and hardware-assisted virtualization. Binary translation is a software virtualization technique in which an interpreter is used to translate the binary machine language code of an application into that of the host OS. Meanwhile, hardware-assisted virtualization involves using a computer’s physical components to provide the software architectural support that VMs need to function properly. Both techniques help to appropriately link and facilitate communication between VMs and the host OS.

Virtual Machine Architecture

VMs are built on physical machines, with their primary component being a hypervisor, a host server that allows VMs to access the required computing resources. The image below illustrates the four parts of the VM architecture.

VM architecture showing which components comprise the VM vs physical machine

Now, let’s detail these four components.

1. Virtual Machine (App, Bins/Libs, Guest OS)

Virtual machine components include virtualized applications and libraries presented to a guest OS. Each virtual machine has its own guest operating system, which can differ from each other, so that multiple operating systems can coexist on the same infrastructure.

2. Hypervisor

A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM,) is a software layer that enables the creation and management of VMs on the physical host machine/infrastructure. There are two types of hypervisors:

  • Type 1 (bare metal hypervisors) that run directly on the host machine’s hardware, without the need for an underlying OS. They have direct access to the hardware resources and manage the virtual machines at a low level.
  • Type 2 hypervisors run as applications on top of the existing OS. They rely on the host operating system to manage the hardware resources and provide a layer of virtualization on top of it.

3. Host Operating System

The host OS exists between the hypervisor and the infrastructure. They provide isolation between the virtual machine and the components of the infrastructure by limiting the data that flows from one to the other. This enhances both host and guest security.

4. Infrastructure

The infrastructure is the underlying hardware on which virtual machines are created and executed. It provides the necessary computing resources, such as CPU, memory, storage, and network.

How Are Virtual Machines Used?

Virtual machines are used across various industries and use cases, including the following:

Legacy Application Support

Virtual machines are commonly used to support and maintain legacy applications that were originally designed for an older OS or for specific hardware configurations. By running legacy applications on virtual machines, organizations can preserve the functionality and dependencies of these applications while modernizing their underlying infrastructure.

Multitenancy and Cloud Computing

VMs are used extensively in cloud environments where multiple customers share the same physical infrastructure. This is because they ensure cost-effectiveness and provide isolation, security, and customization while maximizing resource utilization for the cloud provider.

Development Environments

VMs provide convenient and isolated environments for developers to work on different projects with varying software requirements. Multiple VMs can be set up, each running a different development or testing stack, allowing for easy setup, experimentation, and reproducibility.

Testing and Debugging

VMs provide a controlled and reproducible environment for software testing and debugging. Testers can create multiple VM snapshots to capture various points in the software testing process, facilitating easy rollbacks, bug reproduction and debugging. Rollbacks involve reducing VMs to previous states to erase (or reduce) errors in current states, and bug reproduction is the process of reproducing a bug in a software to visualize how it got there in the first place. Both procedures facilitate debugging, patching and data retrieval. VMs offer a convenient way to test software compatibility across different OSes, reducing the need for multiple physical systems.

Security Research and Disaster Recovery

VMs are used for security research as well as vulnerability and malware analysis. Researchers can isolate and analyze potentially harmful applications or websites within VMs to prevent damage to host systems or networks.

What Are the Differences Between Containers and Virtual Machines (VMs)?

Although both are powerful and efficient, one has an edge over the other. As shown in the image below, the major architectural difference between both containers and VMs is the presence or absence of a guest operating system in the virtualization layer.

VMs vs Containers

Consider the table below for a close-range comparison:

FeaturesContainersVirtual Machines
ArchitectureApplication- or OS-level virtualization technology. Containers share the host OS kernel but have separate user spaces.Infrastructure or hardware-level virtualization technology. Each VM has its own kernel, file system, and memory allocation.
PerformancePerform better than VMs because they share the host operating system kernel. Lower overhead and improved performance.Reduced performance compared to containers, due to the overhead of running a full guest OS alongside the host OS.
Resource utilizationEfficient resource utilization due to leveraging their host’s resources directly.May be less efficient. Require dedicated resources for each virtual instance, including a separate guest OS.
LatencyLower latency as they directly access the host hardware, bypassing virtualization layers.Introduce additional layers of virtualization, leading to increased latency compared to containers.
Startup TimeOffer near-instant startup times.Longer startup times because they need to boot a complete guest OS for each instance.
IsolationUse OS-level isolation which is not as strong as hardware-level virtualization.Provide full isolation since each VM runs on a separate hypervisor.
PortabilityHighly portable, allowing for consistent behavior across different systems.Less portable as they may require configuration changes to work in different environments due to differences in hardware and OS versions.
SecurityPotential for security vulnerabilities due to the shared host OS kernel. Runtimes provide features like namespaces and control groups help to mitigate security risks.Higher level of security due to strong isolation between each VM.
FlexibilityGreater flexibility in terms of resource allocation and scaling.Limited flexibility; they require a fixed allocation of resources. Changes to resource allocation require adjusting VM configuration.
DensityDue to their lightweight nature, containers can be packed more densely on a host machine.Less dense due to resource overhead.
EfficiencyMore efficient in terms of storage and memory utilization.Require additional storage and memory, since each instance requires a full guest OS alongside the application.
Deployment complexitySimplified deployment process using container images.More complex deployment process, involving provisioning and configuring a guest OS on each virtual instance.
Use casesWell-suited for microservices architecture, continuous integration/continuous deployment, scaling applications, and managing distributed systems.Commonly used for running legacy applications, testing different operating systems, creating isolated OS environments, and development sandboxes.

Choosing Between Containers and Virtual Machines

Although both containers and VMS have revolutionized application development and deployment, your choice will depend on your applications’ specific use case, performance requirements, and isolation needs. Containers and VMs can be combined with containers running inside VMs to leverage the benefits of both technologies. To do this, create a virtual machine with a distinct hardware configuration and install an OS within it. Then, install a container runtime on the OS.

However, it is critical to note that containers lend themselves better to modern practices and use cases and offer portability that is important for multi-cloud environments. For instance, containers are more lightweight and use far fewer resources than virtual machines. If a physical server can host only ten virtual machines, it could host twenty containers or more.

Conclusion

Virtualization is undergoing a staggering rise in both popularity and market size, with its value currently estimated at $40–62 billion and expected to reach over $120 billion in revenue by 2027 according to Statista. As competition stiffens, selecting the right virtualization technology can give decision makers a competitive advantage over their counterparts.

Gcore’s Managed Kubernetes minimizes the complexity of using containers and empowers organizations to effortlessly orchestrate containerized applications, ensuring scalability, high availability, and simplified management, all without compromising security or performance.

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Here’s a quick breakdown to help you decide what works best for you.FactorBare metal serversVirtual machinesPerformanceDedicated resources; ideal for high-performance workloadsShared resources; suitable for moderate or variable workloadsScalabilityOften requires manual scaling; less flexibleHighly elastic; easy to scale up or downCustomizationFull control over hardware, OS, and configurationLimited by hypervisor and provider’s environmentSecurityIsolated by default; no hypervisor layerShared environment with strong isolation protocolsCostHigher upfront cost; dedicated hardwarePay-as-you-go pricing; cost-effective for flexible workloadsBest forHPC, AI/ML, compliance-heavy workloadsStartups, dev/test, fast-scaling applicationsAll about bare metal serversA bare metal server is a single-tenant physical server rented from a cloud provider. Unlike virtual servers, the hardware is not shared with other users, giving you full access to all resources and deeper control over configurations. You get exclusive access and control over the hardware via the cloud provider, which offers the stability and security needed for high-demand applications.The benefits of bare metal serversHere are some of the business advantages of opting for a bare metal server:Maximized performance: Because they are dedicated resources, bare metal servers provide top-tier performance without sharing processing power, memory, or storage with other users. This makes them ideal for resource-intensive applications like high-performance computing (HPC), big data processing, and game hosting.Greater control: Since you have direct access to the hardware, you can customize the server to meet your specific requirements. This is especially important for businesses with complex, specialized needs that require fine-tuned configurations.High security: Bare metal servers offer a higher level of security than their alternatives due to the absence of virtualization. With no shared resources or hypervisor layer, there’s less risk of vulnerabilities that come with multi-tenant environments.Dedicated resources: Because you aren’t sharing the server with other users, all server resources are dedicated to your application so that you consistently get the performance you need.Who should use bare metal servers?Here are examples of instances where bare metal servers are the best option for a business:High-performance computing (HPC)Big data processing and analyticsResource-intensive applications, such as AI/ML workloadsGame and video streaming serversBusinesses requiring enhanced security and complianceAll about virtual machinesA virtual server (or virtual machine) runs on top of a physical server that’s been partitioned by a cloud provider using a hypervisor. This allows multiple VMs to share the same hardware while remaining isolated from each other.Unlike bare metal servers, virtual machines share the underlying hardware with other cloud provider customers. That means you’re using (and paying for) part of one server, providing cost efficiency and flexibility.The benefits of virtual machinesHere are some advantages of using a shared virtual machine:Scalability: Virtual machines are ideal for businesses that need to scale quickly and are starting at a small scale. With cloud-based virtualization, you can adjust your server resources (CPU, memory, storage) on demand to match changing workloads.Cost efficiency: You pay only for the resources you use with VMs, making them cost-effective for companies with fluctuating resource needs, as there is no need to pay for unused capacity.Faster deployment: VMs can be provisioned quickly and easily, which makes them ideal for anyone who wants to deploy new services or applications fast.Who should use virtual machines?VMs are a great fit for the following:Web hosting and application hostingDevelopment and testing environmentsRunning multiple apps with varying demandsStartups and growing businesses requiring scalabilityBusinesses seeking cost-effective, flexible solutionsWhich should you choose?There’s no one-size-fits-all answer. Your choice should depend on the needs of your workload:Choose bare metal if you need dedicated performance, low-latency access to hardware, or tighter control over security and compliance.Choose virtual servers if your priority is flexible scaling, faster deployment, and optimized cost.If your application uses GPU-based inference or AI training, check out our dedicated guide to VM vs. BM for AI workloads.Get started with Gcore BM or VMs todayAt Gcore, we provide both bare metal and virtual machine solutions, offering flexibility, performance, and reliability to meet your business needs. Gcore Bare Metal has the power and reliability needed for demanding workloads, while Gcore Virtual Machines offers customizable configurations, free egress traffic, and flexibility.Compare Gcore BM and VM pricing now

Optimize your workload: a guide to selecting the best virtual machine configuration

Virtual machines (VMs) offer the flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency that businesses need to optimize workloads. However, choosing the wrong setup can lead to poor performance, wasted resources, and unnecessary costs.In this guide, we’ll walk you through the essential factors to consider when selecting the best virtual machine configuration for your specific workload needs.﹟1 Understand your workload requirementsThe first step in choosing the right virtual machine configuration is understanding the nature of your workload. Workloads can range from light, everyday tasks to resource-intensive applications. When making your decision, consider the following:Compute-intensive workloads: Applications like video rendering, scientific simulations, and data analysis require a higher number of CPU cores. Opt for VMs with multiple processors or CPUs for smoother performance.Memory-intensive workloads: Databases, big data analytics, and high-performance computing (HPC) jobs often need more RAM. Choose a VM configuration that provides sufficient memory to avoid memory bottlenecks.Storage-intensive workloads: If your workload relies heavily on storage, such as file servers or applications requiring frequent read/write operations, prioritize VM configurations that offer high-speed storage options, such as SSDs or NVMe.I/O-intensive workloads: Applications that require frequent network or disk I/O, such as cloud services and distributed applications, benefit from VMs with high-bandwidth and low-latency network interfaces.﹟2 Consider VM size and scalabilityOnce you understand your workload’s requirements, the next step is to choose the right VM size. VM sizes are typically categorized by the amount of CPU, memory, and storage they offer.Start with a baseline: Select a VM configuration that offers a balanced ratio of CPU, RAM, and storage based on your workload type.Scalability: Choose a VM size that allows you to easily scale up or down as your needs change. Many cloud providers offer auto-scaling capabilities that adjust your VM’s resources based on real-time demand, providing flexibility and cost savings.Overprovisioning vs. underprovisioning: Avoid overprovisioning (allocating excessive resources) unless your workload demands peak capacity at all times, as this can lead to unnecessary costs. Similarly, underprovisioning can affect performance, so finding the right balance is essential.﹟3 Evaluate CPU and memory considerationsThe central processing unit (CPU) and memory (RAM) are the heart of a virtual machine. The configuration of both plays a significant role in performance. Workloads that need high processing power, such as video encoding, machine learning, or simulations, will benefit from VMs with multiple CPU cores. However, be mindful of CPU architecture—look for VMs that offer the latest processors (e.g., Intel Xeon, AMD EPYC) for better performance per core.It’s also important that the VM has enough memory to avoid paging, which occurs when the system uses disk space as virtual memory, significantly slowing down performance. Consider a configuration with more RAM and support for faster memory types like DDR4 for memory-heavy applications.﹟4 Assess storage performance and capacityStorage performance and capacity can significantly impact the performance of your virtual machine, especially for applications requiring large data volumes. Key considerations include:Disk type: For faster read/write operations, opt for solid-state drives (SSDs) over traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). Some cloud providers also offer NVMe storage, which can provide even greater speed for highly demanding workloads.Disk size: Choose the right size based on the amount of data you need to store and process. Over-allocating storage space might seem like a safe bet, but it can also increase costs unnecessarily. You can always resize disks later, so avoid over-allocating them upfront.IOPS and throughput: Some workloads require high input/output operations per second (IOPS). If this is a priority for your workload (e.g., databases), make sure that your VM configuration includes high IOPS storage options.﹟5 Weigh up your network requirementsWhen working with cloud-based VMs, network performance is a critical consideration. High-speed and low-latency networking can make a difference for applications such as online gaming, video conferencing, and real-time analytics.Bandwidth: Check whether the VM configuration offers the necessary bandwidth for your workload. For applications that handle large data transfers, such as cloud backup or file servers, make sure that the network interface provides high throughput.Network latency: Low latency is crucial for applications where real-time performance is key (e.g., trading systems, gaming). Choose VMs with low-latency networking options to minimize delays and improve the user experience.Network isolation and security: Check if your VM configuration provides the necessary network isolation and security features, especially when handling sensitive data or operating in multi-tenant environments.﹟6 Factor in cost considerationsWhile it’s essential that your VM has the right configuration, cost is always an important factor to consider. Cloud providers typically charge based on the resources allocated, so optimizing for cost efficiency can significantly impact your budget.Consider whether a pay-as-you-go or reserved model (which offers discounted rates in exchange for a long-term commitment) fits your usage pattern. The reserved option can provide significant savings if your workload runs continuously. You can also use monitoring tools to track your VM’s performance and resource usage over time. This data will help you make informed decisions about scaling up or down so you’re not paying for unused resources.﹟7 Evaluate security featuresSecurity is a primary concern when selecting a VM configuration, especially for workloads handling sensitive data. Consider the following:Built-in security: Look for VMs that offer integrated security features such as DDoS protection, web application firewall (WAF), and encryption.Compliance: Check that the VM configuration meets industry standards and regulations, such as GDPR, ISO 27001, and PCI DSS.Network security: Evaluate the VM's network isolation capabilities and the availability of cloud firewalls to manage incoming and outgoing traffic.﹟8 Consider geographic locationThe geographic location of your VM can impact latency and compliance. Therefore, it’s a good idea to choose VM locations that are geographically close to your end users to minimize latency and improve performance. In addition, it’s essential to select VM locations that comply with local data sovereignty laws and regulations.﹟9 Assess backup and recovery optionsBackup and recovery are critical for maintaining data integrity and availability. Look for VMs that offer automated backup solutions so that data is regularly saved. You should also evaluate disaster recovery capabilities, including the ability to quickly restore data and applications in case of failure.﹟10 Test and iterateFinally, once you've chosen a VM configuration, testing its performance under real-world conditions is essential. Most cloud providers offer performance monitoring tools that allow you to assess how well your VM is meeting your workload requirements.If you notice any performance bottlenecks, be prepared to adjust the configuration. This could involve increasing CPU cores, adding more memory, or upgrading storage. Regular testing and fine-tuning means that your VM is always optimized.Choosing a virtual machine that suits your requirementsSelecting the best virtual machine configuration is a key step toward optimizing your workloads efficiently, cost-effectively, and without unnecessary performance bottlenecks. By understanding your workload’s needs, considering factors like CPU, memory, storage, and network performance, and continuously monitoring resource usage, you can make informed decisions that lead to better outcomes and savings.Whether you're running a small application or large-scale enterprise software, the right VM configuration can significantly improve performance and cost. Gcore offers a wide range of virtual machine options that can meet your unique requirements. Our virtual machines are designed to meet diverse workload requirements, providing dedicated vCPUs, high-speed storage, and low-latency networking across 30+ global regions. You can scale compute resources on demand, benefit from free egress traffic, and enjoy flexible pricing models by paying only for the resources in use, maximizing the value of your cloud investments.Contact us to discuss your VM needs

How to get the size of a directory in Linux

Understanding how to check directory size in Linux is critical for managing storage space efficiently. Understanding this process is essential whether you’re assessing specific folder space or preventing storage issues.This comprehensive guide covers commands and tools so you can easily calculate and analyze directory sizes in a Linux environment. We will guide you step-by-step through three methods: du, ncdu, and ls -la. They’re all effective and each offers different benefits.What is a Linux directory?A Linux directory is a special type of file that functions as a container for storing files and subdirectories. It plays a key role in organizing the Linux file system by creating a hierarchical structure. This arrangement simplifies file management, making it easier to locate, access, and organize related files. Directories are fundamental components that help ensure smooth system operations by maintaining order and facilitating seamless file access in Linux environments.#1 Get Linux directory size using the du commandUsing the du command, you can easily determine a directory’s size by displaying the disk space used by files and directories. The output can be customized to be presented in human-readable formats like kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), or gigabytes (GB).Check the size of a specific directory in LinuxTo get the size of a specific directory, open your terminal and type the following command:du -sh /path/to/directoryIn this command, replace /path/to/directory with the actual path of the directory you want to assess. The -s flag stands for “summary” and will only display the total size of the specified directory. The -h flag makes the output human-readable, showing sizes in a more understandable format.Example: Here, we used the path /home/ubuntu/, where ubuntu is the name of our username directory. We used the du command to retrieve an output of 32K for this directory, indicating a size of 32 KB.Check the size of all directories in LinuxTo get the size of all files and directories within the current directory, use the following command:sudo du -h /path/to/directoryExample: In this instance, we again used the path /home/ubuntu/, with ubuntu representing our username directory. Using the command du -h, we obtained an output listing all files and directories within that particular path.#2 Get Linux directory size using ncduIf you’re looking for a more interactive and feature-rich approach to exploring directory sizes, consider using the ncdu (NCurses Disk Usage) tool. ncdu provides a visual representation of disk usage and allows you to navigate through directories, view size details, and identify large files with ease.For Debian or Ubuntu, use this command:sudo apt-get install ncduOnce installed, run ncdu followed by the path to the directory you want to analyze:ncdu /path/to/directoryThis will launch the ncdu interface, which shows a breakdown of file and subdirectory sizes. Use the arrow keys to navigate and explore various folders, and press q to exit the tool.Example: Here’s a sample output of using the ncdu command to analyze the home directory. Simply enter the ncdu command and press Enter. The displayed output will look something like this:#3 Get Linux directory size using 1s -1aYou can alternatively opt to use the ls command to list the files and directories within a directory. The options -l and -a modify the default behavior of ls as follows:-l (long listing format)Displays the detailed information for each file and directoryShows file permissions, the number of links, owner, group, file size, the timestamp of the last modification, and the file/directory name-a (all files)Instructs ls to include all files, including hidden files and directoriesIncludes hidden files on Linux that typically have names beginning with a . (dot)ls -la lists all files (including hidden ones) in long format, providing detailed information such as permissions, owner, group, size, and last modification time. This command is especially useful when you want to inspect file attributes or see hidden files and directories.Example: When you enter ls -la command and press Enter, you will see an output similar to this:Each line includes:File type and permissions (e.g., drwxr-xr-x):The first character indicates the file type- for a regular filed for a directoryl for a symbolic linkThe next nine characters are permissions in groups of three (rwx):r = readw = writex = executePermissions are shown for three classes of users: owner, group, and others.Number of links (e.g., 2):For regular files, this usually indicates the number of hard linksFor directories, it often reflects subdirectory links (e.g., the . and .. entries)Owner and group (e.g., user group)File size (e.g., 4096 or 1045 bytes)Modification date and time (e.g., Jan 7 09:34)File name (e.g., .bashrc, notes.txt, Documents):Files or directories that begin with a dot (.) are hidden (e.g., .bashrc)ConclusionThat’s it! You can now determine the size of a directory in Linux. Measuring directory sizes is a crucial skill for efficient storage management. Whether you choose the straightforward du command, use the visual advantages of the ncdu tool, or opt for the versatility of ls -la, this expertise enhances your ability to uphold an organized and efficient Linux environment.Looking to deploy Linux in the cloud? With Gcore Edge Cloud, you can choose from a wide range of pre-configured virtual machines suitable for Linux:Affordable shared compute resources starting from €3.2 per monthDeploy across 50+ cloud regions with dedicated servers for low-latency applicationsSecure apps and data with DDoS protection, WAF, and encryption at no additional costGet started today

How to Run Hugging Face Spaces on Gcore Inference at the Edge

Running machine learning models, especially large-scale models like GPT 3 or BERT, requires a lot of computing power and comes with a lot of latency. This makes real-time applications resource-intensive and challenging to deliver. Running ML models at the edge is a lightweight approach offering significant advantages for latency, privacy, and resource optimization.  Gcore Inference at the Edge makes it simple to deploy and manage custom models efficiently, giving you the ability to deploy and scale your favorite Hugging Face models globally in just a few clicks. In this guide, we’ll walk you through how easy it is to harness the power of Gcore’s edge AI infrastructure to deploy a Hugging Face Space model. Whether you’re developing NLP solutions or cutting-edge computer vision applications, deploying at the edge has never been simpler—or more powerful. Step 1: Log In to the Gcore Customer PortalGo to gcore.com and log in to the Gcore Customer Portal. If you don’t yet have an account, go ahead and create one—it’s free. Step 2: Go to Inference at the EdgeIn the Gcore Customer Portal, click Inference at the Edge from the left navigation menu. Then click Deploy custom model. Step 3: Choose a Hugging Face ModelOpen huggingface.com and browse the available models. Select the model you want to deploy. Navigate to the corresponding Hugging Face Space for the model. Click on Files in the Space and locate the Docker option. Copy the Docker image link and startup command from Hugging Face Space. Step 4: Deploy the Model on GcoreReturn to the Gcore Customer Portal deployment page and enter the following details: Model image URL: registry.hf.space/ethux-mistral-pixtral-demo:latest Startup command: python app.py Container port: 7860 Configure the pod as follows: GPU-optimized: 1x L40S vCPUs: 16 RAM: 232GiB For optimal performance, choose any available region for routing placement. Name your deployment and click Deploy.Step 5: Interact with Your ModelOnce the model is up and running, you’ll be provided with an endpoint. You can now interact with the model via this endpoint to test and use your deployed model at the edge.Powerful, Simple AI Deployment with GcoreGcore Inference at the Edge is the future of AI deployment, combining the ease of Hugging Face integration with the robust infrastructure needed for real-time, scalable, and global solutions. By leveraging edge computing, you can optimize model performance and simultaneously futureproof your business in a world that increasingly demands fast, secure, and localized AI applications. Deploying models to the edge allows you to capitalize on real-time insights, improve customer experiences, and outpace your competitors. Whether you’re leading a team of developers or spearheading a new AI initiative, Gcore Inference at the Edge offers the tools you need to innovate at the speed of tomorrow. Explore Gcore Inference at the Edge

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