Error 404 is an HTTP status code that signifies a server’s inability to retrieve requested web content due to various reasons, such as inaccurate URLs, broken links, or DNS issues. This article is a guide to understanding 404 errors: what they are, why they matter, and how to resolve and prevent them. You’ll learn about the architecture of 404 errors and the impact they have on websites, businesses, users, and customers. Most importantly, you’ll come away with proactive strategies for resolving 404 errors, both as an administrator and as a user.
What Is Error 404?
Error 404 occurs when users try to access a web page that doesn’t exist. The web page could be a nonexistent URL, deleted page, or broken link, among other causes. Users experience frustration when the expected web page doesn’t load and instead this error is shown, so website owners must proactively address this issue through continuous monitoring to avoid Error 404 occurrences, and by offering user-friendly solutions in the event of 404 errors.
The wording of the error message may differ slightly based on the browser in use and the nature of the missing resource. Common variations of the Error 404 include:
- 404 not found
- HTTP Error 404
- HTTP 404
- 404 Error
- 404
- Page not found
- Error 404. The page you’re looking for can’t be found.
- 404 File or Directory Not Found
Sometimes, web browsers display an HTML page that describes the error. This message informs the user about the encountered problem and may suggest potential solutions or alternative routes to access the intended web page.
What Causes a 404 Error?
Error 404 may occur for a variety of reasons, including:
- Nonexistent page: Attempting to access a page that doesn’t exist, perhaps because it has been deleted or relocated to a new URL
- Inaccurate inbound links: Relatedly, outdated or incorrect inbound links can direct users to pages that don’t exist, whether because the page has been deleted, relocated, or simply due to a typo in the link
- Incorrect URL: Inputting an incorrect URL, for example with a typo
- Missing assets: The absence of critical web assets, such as files, CSS stylesheets, JavaScript files, or other fundamental components necessary for proper website functioning
- Server malfunction: A malfunctioning server may be unable to process the request for a web page correctly
- DNS settings: Incorrect DNS (Domain Name System) settings can lead to the inability to resolve the requested domain or URL
- Domain propagation: When a domain is still in the process of propagating across the internet, it may result in temporary accessibility issues
- Misconfiguration: Misconfiguration of server settings or website parameters
- File permissions: Incorrect file permissions on the server can restrict access to certain files
- Site operations: During website migration, routine maintenance, or when a server experiences technical problems, Error 404 may surface as a temporary inconvenience
- Browser cache: In situations where a browser has cached a previous version of a page that resulted in an Error 404, subsequent attempts to access the page may yield the same error until the cache is cleared
What Is The Impact of Error 404?
The impact of Error 404 on a website can be significant, affecting both user experience and the website’s overall performance:
User Frustration and Loss of Trust
Error 404 messages can frustrate website visitors and cause them to lose trust in the website and its content. Frustration is a natural response when the expected web page doesn’t appear. Users may perceive it as a sign of poor website maintenance or an unreliable organization, which can lead to a negative impression of the business or brand associated with the site. For example, users may not trust information from a site with 404 errors. Ultimately, visitors may abandon the website due to frustration or lack of trust, leading to potential losses in conversions and engagement.
SEO Impact
While typing an incorrect URL typically triggers an Error 404, it does not inherently affect SEO rankings. However, when these errors occur due to broken links or missing pages within a website, it can have a detrimental impact on SEO. Search engines prioritize websites with well-structured, accessible content. Unreachable or dead-end pages hinder effective website crawling, preventing search engines like Google or Bing from discovering and indexing all the website’s pages. This, in turn, can negatively affect the website’s SEO performance.
Reputational Damage
Accumulating a high number of Error 404 on a website can harm its reputation in the eyes of both users and search engines. It suggests a lack of attention to website maintenance and can diminish the site’s credibility with users and algorithms alike.
Bounce Rate
Search engines, such as Google, track user interactions with websites, including the time spent on a page. When users encounter an Error 404 and promptly leave the website or click the back button, it results in a high bounce rate. A high bounce rate can signal to search engines that the website does not provide the content or resources users are seeking. Consequently, search engines may lower the website’s ranking in Search Engine Results Pages (SERP,) making it less visible to potential users.
How to Identify Pages and Links With 404 Errors
Identifying and addressing 404 errors is essential for ensuring a positive online experience for users and optimizing your SERP ranking for SEO. Depending on the size of your website, you can employ different methods and tools to efficiently detect these errors.
Manual Checks for Small Websites
For smaller websites, website owners or administrators can manually check for 404 errors by navigating through all pages and links on the site. This involves clicking on each link and verifying that they are live and lead to the intended content. While this method is feasible for small websites, it becomes impractical for larger sites with hundreds or thousands of pages since a page may be missed out and it would require excessive human time and effort.
Automated Tools for Large Websites
Since manual checks are not feasible for extensive websites with numerous pages and files, administrators can instead utilize various automated tools to identify broken links and unreachable pages. Some popular options include:
- Google Search Console: This free tool offers an in-built crawler that can detect broken links. After submitting your website to Google Search Console, it will periodically crawl your site and compile a list of pages with issues, including 404 errors. This valuable data helps you pinpoint and address these problems efficiently and effectively.
- Bing Webmaster Tools: If your website is registered with Bing Webmaster Tools, you can use it to identify pages with 404 errors. Simply log in to your Bing account, navigate to the SEO section, and access the SEO reports. Any pages with 404 errors will be listed under the HTTP 400–499 errors category.
- Dead link checker: This tool is specifically designed to identify broken links on your website and helps you to fix them efficiently.
- W3C link checker: W3C’s tool tests and identifies broken pages within your website and also verifies outgoing links to other external websites, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of your site’s links.
- Premium audit tools: Consider using comprehensive audit tools such as Ahrefs or Sitechecker. These tools offer advanced features for monitoring your website consistently, and can alert you immediately when 404 errors or other issues are detected.
How To Fix 404 Errors
How you fix a 404 Page Not Found error depends on whether you are a website visitor or the website owner/administrator. Let’s look at both situations.
How Can Website Visitors Fix 404 Errors?
There are various steps website visitors can take to fix an Error 404 Not Found:
- Reload the page: Sometimes, an Error 404 may occur due to a temporary issue with the page or a momentary connection problem. Simply try reloading the page by clicking the refresh button on your browser. This action can often resolve the issue if it’s transient.
- Clear browser cache: Your browser may have cached a page that has since been deleted, moved, or updated. Clear your browser’s cache to ensure you are viewing the most current version of the webpage.
- Check the URL: Ensure that you have entered the correct URL. Mistyped URLs are a common cause of 404 errors.
- Use a search engine: If you suspect that the URL you have is incorrect or outdated, you can use a search engine to find the page. Enter the website’s name along with relevant keywords to search for the specific page you’re looking for.
For example, if you encounter a 404 error while trying to access the Cloud For Financial Services page on the Gcore website, you can search on Google using a query like gcore: cloud financial services to locate the correct URL. To search for pages on a specific website, use the site:websiteURL query format, such as site:gcore.com cloud financial services.
- Contact website administrator: If you are unable to resolve the issue through the above steps, consider reaching out to the website administrator. They can provide information on whether the page or file still exists, has been moved to a different location, or if there are any issues with accessing it. The website administrator can help you find the desired content.
These steps empower website visitors to troubleshoot and potentially resolve 404 errors, providing a smoother browsing experience.
How to Fix Error 404 as an Admin or Website Owner?
Fixing Error 404 as an admin or website owner involves taking a number of steps and implementing strategies to ensure a smooth user experience and maintain the integrity of your website. Here’s a comprehensive guide on how to address Error 404:
- Identify and document 404 errors. Use tools like Google Search Console, Broken Link Checker, or similar utilities mentioned above to identify all pages or assets on your website that are generating 404 errors. Keep a record of these errors for reference.
- Prioritize fixes. Focus on addressing errors that have the most significant impact on user experience, such as critical pages or frequently visited content. Some minor 404 errors may not require immediate attention.
- Confirm DNS configuration. Use online tools like DNSMap, DNS Checker, or whatsmydns.net to verify that your domain is correctly pointing to the appropriate hosting server. Ensure that DNS settings are correctly configured, especially after server migrations or DNS changes.
- Check file and folder permissions. Verify and, if needed, rectify file and folder permissions on your web server. Incorrect permissions can render files or folders inaccessible. Use your hosting control panel (e.g., cPanel) to adjust permissions, typically setting folders to 755 and files to 644 for public resources.
- Implement redirects for moved pages. If you have moved or renamed pages with new URLs, set up 301 redirects from the old URLs to the new ones. This ensures that users are redirected to the correct page instead of encountering a 404 error.
- Restore broken links or corrupt files. If you know which pages have broken links, fix them by updating to the correct URLs or setting up appropriate redirects. For missing or corrupt files, restore them from a backup.
- Address permalink issues. In content management systems like WordPress, errors can occur due to permalink or redirect issues. Update permalink settings in your CMS dashboard to resolve site-wide issues.
- Create a custom 404 page. Create a user-friendly custom 404 error page that provides valuable information to visitors encountering the error. This page should include:
- A clear statement explaining the unavailability of the requested resource.
- Guidance for users to check and correct possible errors in the URL.
- Suggestions for verifying the URL’s correctness.
- Top and bottom menus or links to other useful pages on your website.
- A search bar to facilitate in-site searches.
For example, if you request an invalid page from the Gcore website by typing an incorrect URL, you are presented with a custom page informing you that the page cannot be found and presenting options to return to the homepage or explore other sections of the website.
By following the steps and best practices outlined here, you can effectively address Error 404 issues, enhance the user experience, and maintain the functionality of your website. Regular monitoring and proactive error resolution are key to ensuring a seamless browsing experience for your visitors.
Conclusion
Every website or online application has the potential to return Error 404 when a requested page, file, or resource is unavailable. To provide a seamless user experience, monitor and fix issues that could result in Error 404. By customizing your website’s Error 404 page to make it more user-friendly, you can help visitors find the resource or relevant information even if Error 404 occurs.
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Securing AI from the ground up: defense across the lifecycle
As more AI workloads shift to the edge for lower latency and localized processing, the attack surface expands. Defending a data center is old news. Now, you’re securing distributed training pipelines, mobile inference APIs, and storage environments that may operate independently of centralized infrastructure, especially in edge or federated learning contexts. Every stage introduces unique risks. Each one needs its own defenses.Let’s walk through the key security challenges across each phase of the AI lifecycle, and the hardening strategies that actually work.PhaseTop threatsHardening stepsTrainingData poisoning, leaksValidation, dataset integrity tracking, RBAC, adversarial trainingDevelopmentModel extraction, inversionRate limits, obfuscation, watermarking, penetration testingInferenceAdversarial inputs, spoofed accessInput filtering, endpoint auth, encryption, TEEsStorage and deploymentModel theft, tamperingEncrypted containers, signed builds, MFA, anomaly monitoringTraining: your model is only as good as its dataThe training phase sets the foundation. If the data going in is poisoned, biased, or tampered with, the model will learn all the wrong lessons and carry those flaws into production.Why it mattersData poisoning is subtle. You won’t see a red flag during training logs or a catastrophic failure at launch. These attacks don’t break training, they bend it.A poisoned model may appear functional, but behaves unpredictably, embeds logic triggers, or amplifies harmful bias. The impact is serious later in the AI workflow: compromised outputs, unexpected behavior, or regulatory non-compliance…not due to drift, but due to training-time manipulation.How to protect itValidate datasets with schema checks, label audits, and outlier detection.Version, sign, and hash all training data to verify integrity and trace changes.Apply RBAC and identity-aware proxies (like OPA or SPIFFE) to limit who can alter or inject data.Use adversarial training to improve model robustness against manipulated inputs.Development and testing: guard the logicOnce you’ve got a trained model, the next challenge is protecting the logic itself: what it knows and how it works. The goal here is to make attacks economically unfeasible.Why it mattersModels encode proprietary logic. When exposed via poorly secured APIs or unprotected inference endpoints, they’re vulnerable to:Model inversion: Extracting training dataExtraction: Reconstructing logicMembership inference: Revealing whether a datapoint was in trainingHow to protect itApply rate limits, logging, and anomaly detection to monitor usage patterns.Disable model export by default. Only enable with approval and logging.Use quantization, pruning, or graph obfuscation to reduce extractability.Explore output fingerprinting or watermarking to trace unauthorized use in high-value inference scenarios.Run white-box and black-box adversarial evaluations during testing.Integrate these security checks into your CI/CD pipeline as part of your MLOps workflow.Inference: real-time, real riskInference doesn’t get a free pass because it’s fast. Security needs to be just as real-time as the insights your AI delivers.Why it mattersAdversarial attacks exploit the way models generalize. A single pixel change or word swap can flip the classification.When inference powers fraud detection or autonomous systems, a small change can have a big impact.How to protect itSanitize input using JPEG compression, denoising, or frequency filtering.Train on adversarial examples to improve robustness.Enforce authentication and access control for all inference APIs—no open ports.Encrypt inference traffic with TLS. For added privacy, use trusted execution environments (TEEs).For highly sensitive cases, consider homomorphic encryption or SMPC—strong but compute-intensive solutions.Check out our free white paper on inference optimization.Storage and deployment: don’t let your model leakOnce your model’s trained and tested, you’ve still got to deploy and store it securely—often across multiple locations.Why it mattersUnsecured storage is a goldmine for attackers. With access to the model binary, they can reverse-engineer, clone, or rehost your IP.How to protect itStore models on encrypted volumes or within enclaves.Sign and verify builds before deployment.Enforce MFA, RBAC, and immutable logging on deployment pipelines.Monitor for anomalous access patterns—rate, volume, or source-based.Edge strategy: security that moves with your AIAs AI moves to the edge, centralized security breaks down. You need protection that operates as close to the data as your inference does.That’s why we at Gcore integrate protection into AI workflows from start to finish:WAAP and DDoS mitigation at edge nodes—not just centralized DCs.Encrypted transport (TLS 1.3) and in-node processing reduce exposure.Inline detection of API abuse and L7 attacks with auto-mitigation.180+ global PoPs to maintain consistency across regions.AI security is lifecycle securityNo single firewall, model tweak, or security plugin can secure AI workloads in isolation. You need defense in depth: layered, lifecycle-wide protections that work at the data layer, the API surface, and the edge.Ready to secure your AI stack from data to edge inference?Talk to our AI security experts
3 ways to safeguard your website against DDoS attacks—and why it matters
DDoS (distributed denial-of-service) attacks are a type of cyberattack in which a hacker overwhelms a server with an excessive number of requests, causing the server to stop functioning correctly and denying access to legitimate users. The volume of these types of attacks is increasing, with a 56% year-on-year rise recorded in late 2024, driven by factors including the growing availability of AI-powered tools, poorly secured IoT devices, and geopolitical tensions worldwide.Fortunately, there are effective ways to defend against DDoS attacks. Because these threats can target different layers of your network, a single tool isn’t enough, and a multi-layered approach is necessary. Businesses need to protect both the website itself and the infrastructure behind it. This article explores the three key security solutions that work together to protect your website—and the costly consequences of failing to prepare.The consequences of not protecting your website against DDoS attacksIf your website isn’t sufficiently protected, DDoS attacks can have severe and far-reaching impacts on your website, business, and reputation. They not only disrupt the user experience but can spiral into complex, costly recovery efforts. Safeguarding your website against DDoS attacks is essential to preventing the following serious outcomes:Downtime: DDoS attacks can exhaust server resources (CPU, RAM, throughput), taking websites offline and making them unavailable to end users.Loss of business/customers: Frustrated users will leave, and many won’t return after failed checkouts or broken sessions.Financial losses: By obstructing online sales, DDoS attacks can cause businesses to suffer substantial loss of revenue.Reputational damage: Websites or businesses that suffer repeated unmitigated DDoS attacks may cause customers to lose trust in them.Loss of SEO rankings: A website could lose its hard-won SEO ranking if it experiences extended downtime due to DDoS attacks.Disaster recovery costs: DDoS disaster recovery costs can escalate quickly, encompassing hardware replacement, software upgrades, and the need to hire external specialists.Solution #1: Implement dedicated DDoS protection to safeguard your infrastructureAdvanced DDoS protection measures are customized solutions designed to protect your servers and infrastructure against DDoS attacks. DDoS protection helps defend against malicious traffic designed to crash servers and interrupt service.Solutions like Gcore DDoS Protection continuously monitor incoming traffic for suspicious patterns, allowing them to automatically detect and mitigate attacks in real time. If your resources are attacked, the system filters out harmful traffic before it reaches your servers. This means that real users can access your website without interruption, even during an attack.For example, a financial services provider could be targeted by cybercriminals attempting to disrupt services with a large-scale volumetric DDoS attack. With dedicated DDoS protection, the provider can automatically detect and filter out malicious traffic before it impacts users. Customers can continue to log in, check balances, and complete transactions, while the system adapts to the evolving nature of the attack in the background, maintaining uninterrupted service.The protection scales with your business needs, automatically adapting to higher traffic loads or more complex attacks. Up-to-date reports and round-the-clock technical support allow you to keep track of your website status at all times.Solution #2: Enable WAAP to protect your websiteGcore WAAP (web application and API protection) is a comprehensive solution that monitors, detects, and mitigates cyber threats, including DDoS layer 7 attacks. WAAP uses AI-driven algorithms to monitor, detect, and mitigate threats in real time, offering an additional layer of defense against sophisticated attackers. Once set up, the system provides powerful tools to create custom rules and set specific triggers. For example, you can specify the conditions under which certain requests should be blocked, such as sudden spikes in API calls or specific malicious patterns common in DDoS attacks.For instance, an e-commerce platform during a major sale like Black Friday could be targeted by bots attempting to flood the site with fake login or checkout requests. WAAP can differentiate between genuine users and malicious bots by analyzing traffic patterns, rate of requests, and attack behaviors. It blocks malicious requests so that real customers can continue to complete transactions without disruption.Solution #3: Connect to a CDN to strengthen defenses furtherA trustworthy content delivery network (CDN) is another valuable addition to your security stack. A CDN is a globally distributed server network that ensures efficient content delivery. CDNs spread traffic across multiple global edge servers, reducing the load on the origin server. During a DDoS attack, a CDN with DDoS protection can protect servers and end users. It filters traffic at the edge, blocking threats before they ever reach your infrastructure. Caching servers within the CDN network then deliver the requested content to legitimate users, preventing network congestion and denial of service to end users.For instance, a gaming company launching a highly anticipated multiplayer title could face a massive surge in traffic as players around the world attempt to download and access the game simultaneously. This critical moment also makes the platform a prime target for DDoS attacks aimed at disrupting the launch. A CDN with integrated DDoS protection can absorb and filter out malicious traffic at the edge before it reaches the core infrastructure. Legitimate players continue to enjoy fast downloads and seamless gameplay, while the origin servers remain stable and protected from overload or downtime.In addition, Super Transit intelligently routes your traffic via Gcore’s 180+ point-of-presence global network, proactively detecting, mitigating, and filtering DDoS attacks. Even mid-attack, users experience seamless access with no interruptions. They also benefit from an enhanced end-user experience, thanks to shorter routes between users and servers that reduce latency.Taking the next steps to protect your websiteDDoS attacks pose significant threats to websites, but a proactive approach is the best way to keep your site online, secure, and resilient. Regardless of your industry or location, it’s crucial to take action to safeguard your website and maintain its uninterrupted availability.Enabling Gcore DDoS protection is a simple and proven way to boost your digital infrastructure’s resiliency against different types of DDoS attacks. Gcore DDoS protection also integrates with other security solutions, including Gcore WAAP, which protects your website and CDNs. These tools work seamlessly together to provide advanced website protection, offering improved security and performance in one intuitive platform.If you’re ready to try Gcore Edge Security, fill in the form below and one of our security experts will be in touch for a personalized consultation.
Tuning Gcore CDN rules for dynamic application data caching
Caching services like content delivery networks (CDNs) can be a solid addition to your web stack. They lower response latency and improve user experience while also helping protect your origin servers through security features like access control lists (ACLs) and traffic filtering. However, if you’re running a highly dynamic web service, a misconfigured CDN might lead to the delivery of stale or, in the worst case, wrong data.If you’re hosting a dynamic web service and want to speed it up, this guide is for you. It explains the common issues dynamic services have with CDNs and how to solve them with Gcore CDN.How does dynamic data differ from static data?There are two main differences between static and dynamic data:Change frequency: Dynamic data changes more often than static data. Some websites stay the same for weeks or months; others change multiple times daily.Personalized responses: Static systems deliver the same response for a given URL path. Dynamic systems, by contrast, can generate different responses for each user, based on parameters like authentication, location, session data, or user preferences.Now, you might ask: Aren’t static websites simply HTML pages while dynamic ones are generated on-the-fly by application servers?It depends.A website consisting only of HTML pages might still be dynamic if the pages are changed frequently, and an application server that generates HTML responses can serve the same HTML forever and always provide everyone with the same content for a URL. The CDN network doesn’t know how you create the HTML. It only sees the finished product and decides how long it should cache it. You need to decide on a case-by-case basis.How do cache rules affect dynamic data?When using a CDN, you have to define rules that govern the caching of your data. If you consider this data dynamic, either because it changes frequently or because you deliver user-specific responses, those rules can drastically impact the user experience, ranging from the delivery of stale data to completely wrong data.Cache expirationFirst, consider cache expiration time. With Gcore CDN, you have two options:Let your origin server control it. This is ideal for dynamic systems using application servers because it gives you precise control without needing to adjust Gcore settings.Let Gcore CDN control it. This works well for static HTTP servers delivering HTML pages that change often. If you can’t modify the server’s cache configuration, using Gcore’s settings is easier.No matter which method you choose, understand what your users consider “stale” and set the expiration time accordingly.Query string handlingNext, decide how Gcore CDN should handle URL query parameters. Ignoring them can improve performance—but for dynamic systems that use query strings for server-side sorting, filtering, or pagination, this can break functionality.For example, a headless CMS might use: https://example.com/api/posts?sort=asc&start=99If the CDN ignores the query string, it will always deliver the cached response, even if new parameters are requested. So, make sure to disable the Ignore query string parameters setting when necessary.Cookie bypassingCookies are often used for session handling. While ignoring cookies can boost performance, doing so risks breaking applications that rely on them.For example: https://example.com/api/users/profileIf this endpoint relies on a session cookie, caching without considering the cookie will serve the same user profile to everyone. Be sure to disable “Ignore cookies” if your server uses them for authentication or personalization.Cache key customizationIf you need more detailed control over the caching, you can modify the cache key generation. This key defines the mapping of a request to a cache entry and allows you to manage the granularity of your caching.The Gcore Customer Portal offers basic customization functionality, and the support team can help with advanced rules. For example, adding the request method (e.g., GET, HEAD, POST, etc.) to your cache key ensures a single URL has a dedicated cache entry for each method instead of using one for all.GraphQL considerationsMost GraphQL implementations only use POST requests and include the GraphQL query in the request body. This means every GraphQL request will use the same URL and the same method, regardless of the query. Gcore CDN doesn’t check the request body when caching, so every query will result in the same cache key and override each other.To make sure the CDN doesn’t break your API, turn off caching for all your GraphQL endpoints.Path-based CDN rules for hybrid contentIf your application serves both static and dynamic content across different paths, Gcore CDN rules offer a powerful way to manage caching more granularly.Using the CDN rules engine, you can create specific rules for individual file paths or extensions. This allows you to apply dynamic-appropriate settings—like disabling caching or respecting cookies—only to dynamic endpoints (e.g., /api/**), while using more aggressive caching for static assets (e.g., /assets/**, /images/**, or /js/**).This path-level control delivers performance gains from CDN caching without compromising the correctness of dynamic content delivery.SummaryUsing a CDN is an easy way to improve your site’s performance, and even dynamic applications can benefit from CDN caching when configured correctly. Check that:Expiration times reflect real-world freshness needsQuery strings and cookies aren’t ignored if they affect the responseCache keys are customized where neededGraphQL endpoints are excluded from cachingCDN rules are used to apply different settings for dynamic and static pathsWith the right setup, you can safely speed up even the most complex applications.Explore our step-by-step guide to setting rules for particular files in Gcore CDN.Discover Gcore CDN
How AI is reshaping the future of interactive streaming
Interactive streaming is entering a new era. Artificial intelligence is changing how live content is created, delivered, and experienced. Advances in real-time avatars, voice synthesis, deepfake rendering, and ultra-low-latency delivery are giving rise to new formats and expectations.Viewers don’t want to be passive audiences anymore. They want to interact, influence, and participate. For platforms that want to lead, the stakes are growing: innovate now, or fall behind.At Gcore, we support this shift with global streaming infrastructure built to handle responsive, AI-driven content at scale. This article explores how real-time interactivity is evolving and how you can prepare for what’s next.A new era for live contentStreaming used to mean watching someone else perform. Today, it’s becoming a conversation between the creator and the viewer. AI tools are making live content more reactive and personalized. A cooking show host can take ingredient requests from the audience and generate live recipes. A language tutor can assess student pronunciation and adjust the lesson plan on the spot. These aren’t speculative use cases—they’re already being piloted.Traditional cameras and presenters are no longer required. Some creators now use entirely digital hosts, powered by motion capture and generative AI. They can stream with multiple personas, switch backgrounds on command, or pause for mid-session translations. This evolution is not about replacing humans but creating new ways to engage that scale across time zones, languages, and platforms.Creating virtual influencersVirtual influencers are digital characters designed to build audiences, promote products, and hold conversations with followers. Unlike human influencers, they don’t get tired, change jobs, or need extensive re-shoots when messaging changes. They’re fully programmable, and the most successful ones are backed by teams of writers, animators, and brand strategists.For example, a skincare company might launch a virtual influencer with a consistent tone, recognizable look, and 24/7 availability. This persona could host product tutorials in the morning, respond to DMs during the day, and livestream reactions to customer feedback at night—all in the local language of the audience.These characters are not limited to influencer marketing. A virtual celebrity might appear as a guest at a live product launch or provide commentary during a sports event. The point is consistency, scalability, and control. Gcore’s global delivery network ensures these digital personas perform without delay, wherever the audience is located.Real-time avatars and AI-generated personasReal-time avatars use motion capture and emotion detection to mimic human behavior with digital models. A fitness instructor can appear as a stylized avatar while tracking their own real movements. A virtual talk show host can gesture, smile, or pause in response to viewer comments. These avatars do more than just look the part—they respond dynamically.AI-generated personas build on this foundation with language generation and decision-making. For instance, an edtech company could deploy a digital tutor that asks learners comprehension questions and adapts its tone based on their engagement level. In entertainment, a music artist might perform live as a virtual character that reflects audience mood through color shifts, dance patterns, or facial expression.These experiences require ultra-low latency. If the avatar lags, the illusion collapses. Gcore’s infrastructure supports the real-time input-output loop needed to make digital characters feel present and responsive.Deepfake technology for creative storytellingDeepfakes are often associated with misinformation, but the same tools can be used to build engaging, high-integrity content. The technology enables face-swapping, voice cloning, and character animation, all of which are powerful in live formats.A museum might use deepfake avatars of historical figures for interactive educational sessions. Visitors could ask questions, and Abraham Lincoln or Golda Meir might respond with historically grounded answers in real time. A brand could create a fictional spokesperson who evolves over time, appearing in product demos, ads, and livestreams. Deepfake technology also allows multilingual content without re-recording—the speaker’s lip movements and tone are modified to match each language.These applications raise legitimate ethical questions. Gcore’s streaming infrastructure includes controls to ensure the source and integrity of AI-generated content are traceable and secure. We provide the technical foundation that enables deepfake use cases without compromising trust.Synthetic voices and personalized audioAudio is often overlooked in discussions about AI streaming, but it’s just as important as video. Synthetic voices today can express subtle emotions and match speaking styles. They can whisper, shout, pause for dramatic effect, and even mimic regional accents.Let’s consider a news platform that offers interactive daily briefings. Viewers choose their preferred language, delivery style (casual, serious, humorous), and even the voice profile. The AI generates a personalized broadcast on the fly. In gaming, synthetic characters can offer encouragement, warn about strategy mistakes, or narrate progress—all without human voice actors.Gcore’s streaming infrastructure ensures that synthetic voice outputs are tightly synchronized with video, so users don’t experience out-of-sync dialogue or lag during back-and-forth exchanges.Increasing interactivity through feedback and participationInteractivity in streaming now goes far beyond comments or emoji reactions. It includes live polls that influence story outcomes, branching narratives based on audience behavior, and user-generated content layered into the broadcast.For example, a live talent show might allow viewers to suggest challenges mid-broadcast. An online classroom could let students vote on the next topic. A product launch might include a real-time Q&A where the host pulls questions from chat and answers them in the moment.All of these use cases rely on real-time data processing, behavior tracking, and adaptive rendering. Gcore’s platform handles the underlying complexity so that creators can focus on building experiences, not infrastructure.Why low latency is criticalInteractive content only works if it feels immediate. A delay of even a second can break immersion, especially when users are trying to influence the outcome or receive a response. Low latency is essential for real-time gaming, sports, interviews, and educational formats.A live trivia game with hundreds of participants won’t retain users if there’s a lag between the question appearing and the timer starting. A remote surgery training session won’t work if the avatar’s responses trail behind the mentor’s instructions. In each of these cases, timing is everything.Gcore Video Streaming minimizes buffering, supports high-resolution streams, and synchronizes data flows to keep participants engaged. Our infrastructure is built to support high-throughput, globally distributed audiences with the responsiveness that interactive formats demand.Preparing for what’s nextAI-generated content is no longer a novelty. It’s becoming a standard feature of modern streaming strategies. Whether you’re building a platform that features virtual influencers, immersive avatars, or interactive educational streams, the foundation matters. That foundation is infrastructure.If you’re planning the next generation of live content, we’re ready to help you bring it to life. At Gcore, we provide the performance, scale, and security to launch these experiences with confidence. Our streaming solutions are designed to support real-time content generation, audience interaction, and global delivery without compromise.Want to see interactive streaming in action? Learn how fan.at used Gcore Video Streaming to deliver ultra-low-latency streams and boost fan engagement with real-time features.Read the case study
What are captions and subtitles, and how do they work?
Subtitles and captions are essential to consuming video content today. But how do they work behind the scenes?Creating subtitles and captions involves a five-step process to ensure that your video’s spoken and auditory content is accurately and effectively conveyed. The five steps are transcription, correction, synchronization/spotting, translation, and simulation/display on screen.The whole process is usually managed using specialized subtitle or caption creator software.In this blog, we explain the five steps in more detail, what the end user sees, and how to choose the right caption/subtitle service for your needs.Step 1: TranscriptionSpoken content is transformed into a text-based format. Formats are different ways to implement the textual elements, depending on technical needs.Transcription creates the raw materials that will be refined in stages 2–4.Step 2: CorrectionCorrection enhances readability by improving the textual flow. Punctuation, grammar, and sentence structure are adjusted so that the user’s reading experience is seamless and doesn’t detract from the content.Step 3: Synchronization/spottingNext, the text and audio are aligned precisely. Each caption or subtitle’s timing is adjusted so it appears and disappears at the correct moment.Step 4: TranslationTranslation is required for content intended for consumption in multiple languages. During this stage, it’s important to consider format requirements and character limitations. For example, a caption that fits on two lines in English might require three in Spanish, and so in Spanish, one caption becomes two. As a result, additional synchronization might be necessary.Step 5: Simulation/display on screenFinally, the captions or subtitles need to be integrated onto the end user’s screen. Formatting issues might arise at this stage, requiring tweaks for an optimal user experience.How does the end user see subtitles and captions?After the technical process of creating captions and subtitles, the next step is understanding how these elements appear to the end user. The type of captions you choose can greatly impact the user experience, especially when considering accessibility, engagement, and clarity. Below, we break down the different options available and how they serve different viewing scenarios.Open captions: These are always visible to viewers and are a fixed part of the video. They’re popular, for example, for video installations in museums and employee training videos—cases where maximum accessibility is the key consideration when it comes to captions and/or subtitles.Closed captions: Viewers can turn these on or off based on preference. For instance, an online course might offer this feature, allowing learners to choose how to consume the content. Students could opt temporarily to turn on closed captions to note the spelling of a new term introduced during the course.Real-time captions: These are great for live events like webinars, where the text appears almost simultaneously as the words are spoken. They keep the audience engaged in real time without missing out on crucial points. For example, ambient noise like chatter in a sports bar might obscure commentary on a live TV basketball game. Real-time captions allow viewers to benefit from near-live commentary regardless of the bar’s noise levels or if the TV’s sound is muted.Burned-in subtitles: These are etched onto the video and cannot be turned off. A promotional video targeting a multilingual audience might use this feature so that everyone understands the message, regardless of their language preference.What to look for in captioning and subtitling servicesTo deliver high-quality captions and subtitles, it's important to choose a provider that offers key features for accuracy, efficiency, and audience engagement.Original language transcription: Accurate documentation of every spoken word in your video for unrivaled accuracy.Tailored translation: Localized content that integrates translations with cultural relevance, increasing resonance with diverse audiences.Alignment synchronization: Time-annotated subtitles, matching words perfectly to the on-screen action.Automatic SRT file generation: A simplified subtitling and captioning process through effortless file creation for a better user experience.Transform your videos with cutting-edge captions and subtitles from GcoreNo matter your video content needs, it’s essential to be aware of the best type of captions and subtitles for your audience’s needs. Choosing the right format ensures a smoother viewing experience, better accessibility, and stronger engagement across every platform.Gcore Video Streaming offers subtitles and closed captions to enhance users’ experience. Each feature within the subtitling and captioning toolkit is crafted to expand your video content’s reach and impact, catering to a multitude of use cases. Embedding captions is quick and easy, and AI-automated speech recognition also saves you time and money.Try Gcore's automated subtitle and caption solution for free
Why captions and subtitles are essential for video engagement
From TikToks on silent commutes to training videos in noisy offices, silent viewing is now standard. Captions and subtitles aren’t just accessibility features anymore. They’re essential for user engagement, global reach, and video performance.This article explores why captions and subtitles matter and how they boost engagement with your videos, providing a better user experience for your audience. If you want to know how captions and subtitles work, we’ve got an article for that too.How subtitles and captions improve your video performanceSubtitles are now widely used across platforms and age groups. For many younger viewers, reading along while watching is second nature, especially on social media. For others, subtitles are a practical solution: watching videos in public spaces, scrolling during breaks, or learning on the go—all without needing sound.Captions offer tangible benefits across four key areas:Engagement and comprehension: Improve clarity in movies, boost understanding in online courses, and increase focus in business content.Accessibility and inclusion: Make content available to hard-of-hearing users and break language barriers for global audiences.SEO and discoverability: Search engines can crawl subtitle text, making your video content more findable, even when autoplayed without sound.Silent usability: Your content works in all environments, from crowded trains to quiet offices.Captions have shifted from niche to norm, helping creators reach more people, boost retention, and deliver clearer messages.Common challenges and their solutionsImplementing captions at scale poses three major challenges: cost, delay, and accuracy. Here's why these challenges exist and how Gcore Video Streaming can help you overcome them at the click of a button.CostInvesting in high-quality transcriptions can be a financial burden, especially for smaller players in online education. Specialized expertise is required for accurate educational content, and human oversight adds ongoing labor costs. Transcription is a recurring expense that grows with multiple languages or regulatory compliance.Gcore scalable AI-powered transcription services reduce reliance on costly manual processes, offering affordable, multi-language support with built-in compliance features, making transcription cost-effective for all budgets.Delay/latencyIn live events, even slight delays in captioning can disengage audiences. For example, in a Formula One race, missing real-time commentary on pit stops or track conditions can leave viewers confused or frustrated. Lagging captions fail to keep pace with the action, breaking immersion.Real-time AI ASR (automatic speech recognition) from Gcore minimizes captioning delay, so that live captions sync perfectly with events, keeping viewers fully engaged without lag.AccuracyA small text error in captions can distort the message and harm reputation. Errors in MOOCs or corporate webinars risk undermining credibility and discouraging future participation. Precision is critical to maintain trust and clarity.Gcore leverages advanced AI models fine-tuned for domain-specific vocabulary and includes automated quality checks, drastically reducing errors and preserving message integrity across all video content.Enhance your video content with Gcore AI-powered caption and subtitles toolsCaptions are now a strategic content layer, not just an accessibility checkbox. With video now the dominant format across marketing, education, and entertainment, it's critical to implement captions efficiently, affordably, and at scale.Gcore’s AI-powered Video Streaming lets you generate accurate, real-time captions across multiple languages with minimal developer effort. Built-in AI ASR (automatic speech recognition) means your captions stay synchronized even during fast-paced live events. Whether you’re running an LMS, hosting global events, or publishing OTT content, Gcore Video Streaming helps you scale captions with speed and precision.Request a demo of Gcore AI ASR
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